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Supplementary material 6 from: Harper L, Watson H, Donnelly R, Hampshire R, Sayer C, Breithaupt T, Hänfling B (2020) Using DNA metabarcoding to investigate diet and niche partitioning in the native European otter (Lutra lutra) and invasive American mink (Neovison vison). Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 4: e56087. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.4.56087
Table S1
Supplementary material 1 from: Harper L, Watson H, Donnelly R, Hampshire R, Sayer C, Breithaupt T, Hänfling B (2020) Using DNA metabarcoding to investigate diet and niche partitioning in the native European otter (Lutra lutra) and invasive American mink (Neovison vison). Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 4: e56087. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.4.56087
Appendix 1: Fish inventory
Supplementary material 2 from: Harper L, Watson H, Donnelly R, Hampshire R, Sayer C, Breithaupt T, Hänfling B (2020) Using DNA metabarcoding to investigate diet and niche partitioning in the native European otter (Lutra lutra) and invasive American mink (Neovison vison). Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 4: e56087. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.4.56087
Appendix 2: Methods
Supplementary material 4 from: Harper L, Watson H, Donnelly R, Hampshire R, Sayer C, Breithaupt T, Hänfling B (2020) Using DNA metabarcoding to investigate diet and niche partitioning in the native European otter (Lutra lutra) and invasive American mink (Neovison vison). Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 4: e56087. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.4.56087
Appendix 4: Samples from non-focal mammal predators
Supplementary material 5 from: Harper L, Watson H, Donnelly R, Hampshire R, Sayer C, Breithaupt T, Hänfling B (2020) Using DNA metabarcoding to investigate diet and niche partitioning in the native European otter (Lutra lutra) and invasive American mink (Neovison vison). Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 4: e56087. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.4.56087
Appendix 5: Non-focal mammal diet
Data from: Social learning in otters
The use of information provided by others to tackle life's challenges is widespread, but should not be employed indiscriminately if it is to be adaptive. Evidence is accumulating that animals are indeed selective and adopt 'social learning strategies'. However, studies have generally focused on fish, bird and primate species. Here we extend research on social learning strategies to a taxonomic group that has been neglected until now: otters (subfamily Lutrinae). We collected social association data on captive groups of two gregarious species: smooth-coated otters (Lutrogale perspicillata), known to hunt fish cooperatively in the wild, and Asian short-clawed otters (Aonyx cinereus), which feed individually on prey requiring extractive foraging behaviours. We then presented otter groups with a series of novel foraging tasks, and inferred social transmission of task solutions with network-based diffusion analysis. We show that smooth-coated otters can socially learn how to exploit novel food sources and may adopt a 'copy when young' strategy. We found no evidence for social learning in the Asian short-clawed otters. Otters are thus a promising model system for comparative research into social learning strategies, while conservation reintroduction programmes may benefit from facilitating the social transmission of survival skills in these vulnerable species.
Figure 3 in Optimal FOraging OF NeOtrOpical Otters (CarnivOra: Mustelidae) in an urban river and predOminance OF generalist and sedentary fish in their diet
Figure 3. Randomized species accumulation curve (Coleman) for fecal samples of Lontra longicaudis collected during the wet and dry seasons in the Santa Lúcia Biological Station (SLBS) between May 2006 and September 2007.
Figure 2 in Optimal FOraging OF NeOtrOpical Otters (CarnivOra: Mustelidae) in an urban river and predOminance OF generalist and sedentary fish in their diet
Figure 2. Stretches of the Timbuí River in the Santa Lúcia Biological Station (SLBS) with environments conducive to the presence of otters: (A) rocky environments; (B) sandbanks covered by vegetation. Images captured on May 27, 2007.
Figure 1 in Optimal FOraging OF NeOtrOpical Otters (CarnivOra: Mustelidae) in an urban river and predOminance OF generalist and sedentary fish in their diet
Figure 1. Santa Lúcia Biological Station (SLBS) in the green area. The highlight (blue line) represents the Timbuí river which crosses the municipal seat of Santa Teresa, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
Fig. 1 in A new dracunculus species (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) in neotropical otters (Lontra longicaudis) from Argentina: morphological and molecular characterization
Fig. 1. Location of Corrientes province, Argentina, in South America (inset). Map of Corrientes showing the road-killed animals.
Data from: Gene transcription in sea otters (Enhydra lutris): development of a diagnostic tool for sea otter and ecosystem health
Gene transcription analysis for diagnosing or monitoring wildlife health requires the ability to distinguish pathophysiological change from natural variation. Herein we describe methodology for the development of quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to measure differential transcript levels of multiple immune-function genes in the sea otter (Enhydra lutris); sea otter specific, qPCR primer sequences for the genes of interest are defined. We establish a "reference" range of transcripts for each gene in a group of clinically healthy captive and free-ranging sea otters. The 10 genes of interest represent multiple physiological systems that play a role in immuno-modulation, inflammation, cell protection, tumor suppression, cellular stress-response, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, antioxidant enzymes, and cell-cell adhesion. The cycle threshold (CT) measures for most genes were normally distributed; the complement cytolysis inhibitor was the exception. The relative enumeration of multiple gene transcripts in simple peripheral blood samples expands the diagnostic capability currently available to assess the health of sea otters in situ and provides a better understanding of the state of their environment.
Data from: Global change on the Roof of the World: vulnerability of Himalayan otter species to land-use and climate alterations
<p>Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (CCVA) prescribes the quantification of species vulnerability based on three components: sensitivity, adaptive capacity and exposure. Such assessments should be performed through combined approaches that integrate trait-based elements (e.g., measures of species sensitivity such as niche width) with correlative tools quantifying exposure (magnitude of changes in climate within species habitat). Furthermore, as land-use alterations may increase climate impacts on biodiversity, CCVAs should focus on both climate and land-use change effects. Unfortunately, most of such assessments have so far focused exclusively on exposure to climate change. </p> <p>We evaluated the vulnerability of three otter species occurring in the Himalayan region, i.e. <i>Aonyx cinereus, Lutra lutra </i>and<i> Lutrogale perspicillata</i>, to 2050 climate and land-use through the recently-proposed Climate Niche Factor Analysis (CNFA) framework combined with Species Distribution Models.</p> <p>Future climate and land-use change will reduce (6 – 15%) and shift (10 – 18%) the geographic range of the three species in the Himalaya, with land-use alterations exerting far more severe effects than climate change. Among vulnerability components, sensitivity played a greater role than exposure in determining the vulnerability of the otters. Specifically, the most specialist species, <i>L. perspicillata</i> showed the highest vulnerability in comparison with the most generalist, <i>L. lutra</i>.</p> <p>Our results underline how coupling climate and land-use change components in CCVAs can generate diverging predictions of species vulnerability compared to approaches relying on climate change only. Moreover, intrinsic components, such as species sensitivity, proved significantly more important in determining vulnerability than extrinsic metrics such as habitat exposure.</p> <p>The dataset contains XY coordinates of Himalayan otter species used in the study. Since Himalayan otters are listed as threatened or vulnerable in several of the regions covered by the study, original coordinates were rounded to 1 degree. Specific data sources are provided in the coupled table.</p>
Genetic variation in sea otters (Enhydra lutris) from the North Pacific with relevance to the threatened Southwest Alaska distinct population segment
<p>For the sea otter (<i>Enhydra lutris</i>), genetic population structure is an area of research that has not received significant attention, especially in Southwest Alaska where that distinct population segment has been listed as threatened since 2005 pursuant to the U.S. Endangered Species Act. In this study, 501 samples from 14 locations from Prince William Sound, Alaska to the Commander Islands in Russia were analyzed for variation at 13 microsatellite loci. Our results indicate a high degree of genetic divergence among the 14 locations (<i>F</i><sub>ST</sub> = 0.12) with gene flow conforming to the isolation by distance (IBD) model (<i>r<sup>2</sup></i> = 0.491, <i>p</i> < 0.05). The 14 sampling locations formed six geographic associations in clustering and ordination analyses that likely correspond to remnant population lineages: 1) Southcentral Alaska, 2) Kodiak and North Alaska Peninsula, 3) South Alaska Peninsula and Bristol Bay, 4) Eastern Aleutian, 5) Western Aleutian, and 6) the Commander Islands. Except for South Alaska Peninsula and Bristol Bay, these clusters closely agree with previously defined stock and management unit boundaries. Our results reveal significant genetic population structure and are generally congruent with current management strategies for the threatened Southwest Alaska distinct population segment.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Dou H, Wang M, Yin X, Feng L, Yang H (2023) Can the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) be used as an effective sampler of fish diversity? Using molecular assessment of otter diet to survey fish communities. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e96733. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.96733
Bioinformatic processing
Supplementary material 2 from: Dou H, Wang M, Yin X, Feng L, Yang H (2023) Can the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) be used as an effective sampler of fish diversity? Using molecular assessment of otter diet to survey fish communities. Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 7: e96733. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.7.96733
appendices S1–S4.2
figure 5 in Spatial genetic structure in the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) meta-population from its core range in Italy
figure 5 Cumulative current map, based on all possible pairs of sampling locations, representing the amount of current flowing through each pixel. Higher current flow represents higher connectivity, and vice versa.
figure 2 in Spatial genetic structure in the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) meta-population from its core range in Italy
figure 2 Definition of the six main river basins by drawing a buffer area of 1 km around all waterways connected to the main rivers: in green, the Cilento basin; in pink, the Agri basin; in blue, the Sinni basin; in red, the Lao basin; in orange, the Basento basin; in violet, the Abatemarco basin. Red spots indicate the location of the collected samples. The bold blue lines highlight the main rivers, while the tiny blue lines show all other waterways.
In-Office Tympanostomy Tube Placement in Children (OTTER)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03323736. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 2. Publications: 0.
Data from: Gene transcription in sea otters (Enhydra lutris): development of a diagnostic tool for sea otter and ecosystem health
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Data from: Social learning in otters
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