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Figure 2 in Phylogenetic relationships of the bacchine Flower Flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular characters, with a description of a new species of Melanostoma (Schiner, 1860)
Figure 2 Maximum-likelihood tree based on the combined dataset (COI, 28S, and 18S) using Garli v.2.1.17 and the structural alignment for 28S and 18S. Bootstrap support values (above) and Bayesian posterior probabilities (below) are depicted at the nodes (only>50 or>0.5, respectively). BS = Bootstrap support Downloaded from Brill.com 12/12/2023 03:06:37PM values; PP = Bayesian posteriorvia Open probabilities Access.. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC-BY 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Figure 1 50 in Phylogenetic relationships of the bacchine Flower Flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular characters, with a description of a new species of Melanostoma (Schiner, 1860)
Figure 1 50% majority rule consensus cladogram produced from Bayesian analysis of COI data. Bayesian posterior probabilities are shown at each node.
Figure 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of the bacchine Flower Flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) based on molecular characters, with a description of a new species of Melanostoma (Schiner, 1860)
Figure 3 Melanostoma janeceki Mengual, sp. nov. A, male holotype (ZFMK-DIP-00015940), lateral view; B, female paratype (ZFMK-DIP-00015958), lateral view; C, male holotype, habitus; D, female paratype (ZFMK-DIP-00015958), habitus; E, male holotype, frontal Downloadedview; F, fromfemale Brill.com paratype12/12 (/ ZFMK- 2023 03:06:37PM DIP-00015958), frontal view; G,via maleOpen holotype Access,. labels This; H is, an femaleopenparatype access (article ZFMK-DIP-distributed 00015958), underlabelsthe. terms of the CC-BY 4.0 License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Figure 3 in Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters
Figure 3. Cartoons of selected characters and character states. Numbers signify characters, bracketed numbers represent character states e.g. 1(0), where 1 is the characters and (0) is the character state.
Figure 6. Most parsimonious result from a in Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters
Figure 6. Most parsimonious result from a phylogenetic analysis of discrete (1—64) and discretized continuous characters identified through gap coding (88—100). A, strict consensus of 30 most parsimonious trees with equally weighted characters (tree length 346). B, most parsimonious solution with implied weighted characters (k = 3) (tree length 27.86). Psammosteidae taxa in bold (for which quantitative characters have been treated as inapplicable, i.e. non-homologous).
Figure 2 in Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters
Figure 2. Reconstruction of a hypothetical Pteraspidiformes (adapted from Blieck 1984). A, dorsal and ventral view of Pteraspidiformes headshield with plates labelled. B, D, E, measurements used in phylogenetic analysis. C, dorsal headshield sensory canals. Anatomical abbreviations: SOC, supraorbital canal; OrbC, orbital canal; PinC, pineal canal; LDC, lateral dorsal canal; MDC, medial dorsal canal; TC, transverse commissures; MTC, median transverse commissures. Measurement abbreviations: DSL, dorsal shield length; DSW, dorsal shield width, not including the cornual plate width; DPL, dorsal plate length; DPW, dorsal plate width; RPL, rostral plate length; RPW, rostral plate width; PPL, pineal plate length; PPW, pineal plate width; BPL, brachial plate length; BOL, branchial opening distance from anterior of dorsal plate; CPL, cornual plate length; OrbPL, orbital plate length; OrbPAPL, orbital plate anterior process length; OrbPMPL, orbital plate medial process length; OrbPPPL, orbital plate posterior process length; Orb—Orb, orbital opening to orbital opening length; DSBW, dorsal spine base width; DSBL, dorsal spine base length; DPEB, dorsal plate embayment; DPEL, distance to beginning of embayment from anterior end of dorsal plate; DPEW, dorsal plate embayment narrowest width.
Figure 1. Previous Pteraspidiformes phylogenies. A in Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters
Figure 1. Previous Pteraspidiformes phylogenies. A, Blieck's (1984) Pteraspidiformes phylogeny for all the then-known taxa. B, Janvier's (1996) phylogeny for the major clades of Pteraspidiformes. C, Ilyes & Elliott's (1994) phylogeny for the Western USA taxa. D, Perǹegre's (2002) phylogeny to determine the position of Doryaspis. E, Perǹegre & Goujet's (2007) phylogeny to determine the position of Gigantaspis. F, Perǹegre & Elliott's (2008) most recent Pteraspidiformes phylogeny with the identification of major families. The Psammosteidae are highlighted when included in an analysis.
Figure 7. Pteraspidiformes phylogeny with genera plotted against their stratigraphical occurrences. A in Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters
Figure 7. Pteraspidiformes phylogeny with genera plotted against their stratigraphical occurrences. A, discrete and continuous character analysis with implied weighting (k = 3). B, discretized analysis with implied weighting (k = 3). Colours relate to palaeobiogeographical provinces.
Figure 4. Results from the phylogenetic analysis using discrete data only. A in Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters
Figure 4. Results from the phylogenetic analysis using discrete data only. A, strict consensus of 275 most parsimonious trees with equal character weights; length 276 steps, consistency index (CI) = 0.35, retention index (RI) = 0.59, and rescaled consistency index (RC) = 0.22. B, strict consensus of four most parsimonious trees with implied character weighting (k = 3) (tree length 23.11). Psammosteidae taxa in bold.
Figure 5 in Exploring phylogenetic relationships of Pteraspidiformes heterostracans (stem-gnathostomes) using continuous and discrete characters
Figure 5. Phylogenetic results from data sets containing discrete (1—64) and continuous (66, 68, 70, 72, 77, 80, 82, 86) characters. A, most parsimonious tree with equally weighted characters (tree length 319.36). B, most parsimonious tree with implied weighting (k = 3) (tree length 26.53). Psammosteidae taxa in bold (for which quantitative characters have been treated as inapplicable, i.e. nonhomologous).
FIGURE 5 in New species of the Corumbataia cuestae group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Tocantins basin, with comments on its phylogenetic relationships
FIGURE 5 | Hypertrophied odontodes on the lateral margins of head in Corumbataia acanthodela, paratypes, male (left), NUP 22694 and female (right), LBP 19095. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in New species of the Corumbataia cuestae group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Tocantins basin, with comments on its phylogenetic relationships
FIGURE 3 | Infraorbital series of Corumbataia acanthodela, LBP 19095, paratype (A), and C. anosteos, LBP 17125 (B). io1-io5 (Infraorbitals); sp (sphenotic); cpt (pterotic-supracleithrum). Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 4 in New species of the Corumbataia cuestae group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Tocantins basin, with comments on its phylogenetic relationships
FIGURE 4 | Frontal view of snout tip showing a naked area without odontodes. A. Corumbataia acanthodela, LBP 19095, paratype; B. Corumbataia cuestae, LBP 1309. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in New species of the Corumbataia cuestae group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Tocantins basin, with comments on its phylogenetic relationships
FIGURE 2 | Corumbataia acanthodela, holotype, MZUSP 125794, male 27.9 mm SL, from Rio Maranhão, Rio Tocantins basin, Niquelândia, Goiás, Brazil.
FIGURE 6 in New species of the Corumbataia cuestae group (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Rio Tocantins basin, with comments on its phylogenetic relationships
FIGURE 6 | Distribution of Corumbataia species. Yellow circles: C. acanthodela, Rio Maranhão; Green circle: C. anosteos, Rio Piçarras; Blue circle: C. britskii, Rio Sucuriu; White circle: C. canoeiro, Rio Paranã; Orange circles: C. cuestae, Rio Tietê; Purple circle: C. liliai, Rio Correntes; Brown circles: C. lucianoi, Rio Correntes; Red circle: C. tocantinensis, Rio Vermelho; Pink circle: C. veadeiros, Rio Paranã.
Figure 14 in On a remarkable new species of Tharsis, a Late Jurassic teleostean fish from southern Germany: its morphology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 14. Caudal vertebrae and caudal skeleton of Tharsis dubius (JME-SOS 02633) in lateral view. Note the polyural condition of ural centra U1 to U6. Arrows point to the dorsal processes of caudal fin rays. Note that the dorsal processes have additional elongate processes. Abbreviations are as follows: an.p, anterior process; d.scu, piece of dorsal scute; E1–3, epural 1–3; H1–3, hypurals 1–3; nsPU2, 1, neural spine of preural centrum 2, 1; PH, parhypural; PU4, 1, preural centrum 4, 1; UN1, 5, uroneural 1, 5.
Figure 12 in On a remarkable new species of Tharsis, a Late Jurassic teleostean fish from southern Germany: its morphology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 12. Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of the Late Jurassic Ascalabos, Ebertichthys and Tharsis among the most primitive teleosts (Tharsis elleri n. sp. highlighted in bold). Synapomorphies supporting the main nodes are listed below; for a complete list see Arratia (2017: 114–118). Uniquely derived characters are identified with an asterisk (∗). See Supplement S1 for descriptions of characters listed below. Node A (Teleosteomorpha or total-group teleost): 13[0]∗, 24[1], 29[1], 45[0]∗, 56[1], 62[1], 104[0]∗, 123[1], 124[1], 128[1], 136[1], 143[1], 145[1], 162[1]∗, 171[1], 187[1], 190[1]∗, 191[1]∗, 194[1] and 195[1]∗. Characters 190–192, 194 and 195 are soft anatomical features that are unknown in fossils, but the parsimony analysis predicts that they were present at this phylogenetic level. Node B: 26[1], 30[1], 39[1], 59[1∗], 61[1], 87[1], 89[1], 107[1], 114[1], 126[1], 142[1], 152[1] and 167[1]. Node C (Teleostei- or apomorphy-based group): 3[1], 11[1], 23[2], 53[1], 70[1], 71[1], 73[1], 77[2], 78[1], 115[1], 173[2] and 178[1]. Node C1 (Pholidophoriformes): 2[1], 7[1], 23[1], 124[0], 125[1]∗, 129[1] and 165[1]. Node C2 (Pholidophoridae): 1[1]∗, 3[2], 11[0], 20[1], 26[0], 27[1], 77[1], 88[0], 89[0], 111[0], 114[0], 115[0], 133[1], 142[0] and 152[0].Node D: 16[1]∗, 86[1]∗, 87[2], 91[1], 123[3], 149[1], 151[1], 167[0], 171[0] and 187[0]. Node E: 23[0], 26[0], 30[0], 47[1], 75[1], 76[1]∗, 127[1], 173[3] and 175[2]. Node F: 11[0], 67[2], 72[1], 74[1]∗, 119[1]∗ and 133[1]. Node G: 8[2], 28[1], 35[1], 56[2], 92[1]∗, 107[3]∗, 108[1]∗, 109[1]∗, 116[1]∗, 121[1], 122[2], 130[1], 132[1], 138[1], 140[1], 141[1], 144[1], 147[1], 160[1], 164[1], 170[2], 174[1]∗, 177[1], 180[1], 181[2] and 188[1]. Node H: 22[1], 30[1], 33[1], 34[1], 35[2], 37[1], 53[3], 55[1], 78[0], 108[2]∗, 109[2]∗, 110[1]∗, 142[0], 165[1], 168[2] and 176[1]. Node H1 (Ascalaboidae): 112[1]∗, 133[0] and 135[1]. Node H2 (Ebertichthys + Ascalabos): 44[1], 65[1]∗, 103[1], 105[1]∗, 118[1]∗, 128[0] and 164[0]. Node H3 (Tharsis dubius Tharsis elleri): 41[1], 48[1], 72[0], + 154[1], 168[1], 196[1]∗, 197[1]∗ and 198[1]∗. Node I: 36[1], 38[1], 129[1], 161[1], 163[1] and 166[1]. Node J (Varasichthyidae): 94[1]∗, 95[1], 120[1], 122[1], 154[1], 167[1], 173[2], 182[1]∗ and 183[1]∗. Node J1: 141[0], 142[1], 144[0] and 146[1]. Node J2: 30[0], 145[0], 152[3], 154[0] and 155[1]. Node K (crown-group Teleostei): 41[1], 71[0], 73[0], 117[1], 134[2]∗, 152[3], 156[1], 175[0] and 177[0]. Node L (elopomorphs): 30[0], 57[1]∗, 62[0], 148[1]∗, 153[1], 155[1] and 177[2]. Node L1: 70[0], 142[1] and 144[1]. Node M (osteoglossomorphs): 8[0], 36[0], 43[1], 46[1]∗, 48[1], 49[1], 55[2], 56[0], 67[1], 83[1]∗, 100[1], 103[1], 128[0], 136[0], 143[0], 149[2] and 173[0]. Node N: 30[2] and 32[1]∗.
Figure 11. Tharsis elleri n in On a remarkable new species of Tharsis, a Late Jurassic teleostean fish from southern Germany: its morphology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 11. Tharsis elleri n. sp. Cycloid scale from the caudal peduncle of the holotype JME-SOS 08326.
Figure 13 in On a remarkable new species of Tharsis, a Late Jurassic teleostean fish from southern Germany: its morphology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 13. Tharsis dubius in lateral view. (a) Restoration of skull (NHM P.51759). (b) Caudal skeleton (NHM P.927), showing only the proximal region of hypurals interpreted here as 6 to 9. Two black arrows point to the dorsal processes of principal caudal fin rays. Slightly modified from Patterson and Rosen (1977). Abbreviations are as follows: ang, angular; de, dentary; d.scu, dorsal scute; dsp, dermosphenotic; E1–3, epural 1–3; ebfu, epaxial basal fulcra; ffr, fringing fulcrum; H1–3, hypurals 1–3; H9?, hypural 9?; hsPU2, haemal spine of preural centrum 2; io1–4, infraorbitals 1–4; iop, interopercle; met, mesethmoid; mx, maxilla; na, nasal bone; nsPU2, neural spine of preural centrum 2; op, opercle; pa (fr), parietal (frontal); par, parasphenoid; PH, parhypural; pmx, premaxilla; pop, preopercle; ppa (pa), postparietal (parietal); PU4, 1, preural centrum 4, 1; PR1, 10, principal caudal ray 1, 10; pt, pterotic, qu, quadrate; smx1–2, supramaxillae 1–2; sob, supraorbital bone; soc, supraoccipital; sop, subopercle; UN1–7, uroneural 1–7.
Figure 10. Tharsis elleri n in On a remarkable new species of Tharsis, a Late Jurassic teleostean fish from southern Germany: its morphology and phylogenetic relationships
Figure 10. Tharsis elleri n. sp. Caudal endoskeleton and tail in lateral view of the holotype JME-SOS 08326. (a) Photograph of the posterior part of the body of the specimen under UV light. Scale bar equals 5 mm. (b) Drawing of the caudal skeleton. Arrow points to the hypurapophysis. Abbreviations are as follows: d.H, displaced hypural; d.UN, displaced uroneural; H1–4, hypurals 1–4; hsPU2, haemal spine of preural centrum 2; nsPU2, neural spines of preural centrum 2; PH, parhypural; pr.c, procurrent ray; PU1, 4, preural centra 1, 4; UN1–4, uroneurals 1–4; PR1–19, principal rays 1–19; v.csu, ventral caudal scute.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.