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549 results for “population size”
Fig. 2 in Estimating Population Size And Distribution Of Hume'S Pheasant In Northern Thailand
Fig. 2. Predicted habitat of Hume's Pheasant in northern Thailand.
Fig. 3 in Population size, demography and diet of the Siamese crocodile, Crocodylus siamensis (Schneider, 1801) in the Mesangat Swamp in Kalimantan, Indonesia
Fig. 3. Correlation between total Crocodylus siamensis sightings and moon index.
Data from: Decreased selectivity during mate choice in a small-sized population of a long-lived seabird
<p class="western"><span>As</span> biparental care is crucial for breeding success in Procellariiformes seabirds (i.e., albatrosses and petrels), these species are expected to be choosy during pair formation. However, the choice of partners is limited in small-sized populations, which might lead to random pairing. In Procellariiformes, the consequences of such limitations for mating strategies have been examined in <span>a single species</span>. Here, we studied mate choice in another Procellariiforme, Bulwer's petrel <i>Bulweria bulwerii</i><span>,</span> in the Azores (<i>ca </i><span>70 breeding pairs)</span>, where the species has suffered a dramatic population decline. We based our approach on both a 11-year demographic survey (capture-mark-recapture) and a genetic approach (microsatellites, <span>n = </span>127 individuals). The genetic data suggest that this small population is not inbred and did not experience a genetic bottleneck. Moreover, pairing occurred randomly with respect to genetic relatedness, we detected no extrapair parentage (<span>n = </span>35 offspring), and pair fecundity was unrelated to relatedness between partners. From our demographic survey, we detected no assortative mating with respect to body measurements and breeding experience and observed very few divorces, most of which were probably forced. This contrasts with the pattern previously observed in the much larger population from the Selvagens archipelago (assortative mating with respect to bill size and high divorce rate). We suggest that the Bulwer's petrels from the Azores pair with any available partner and retain it as long as possible despite the fact that reproductive performance did not improve with pair common experience, possibly to avoid skipping breeding years in case of divorce. We recommend determining whether decreased choosiness during mate choice also occurs in reduced populations of other Procellariiform species. This might have implications for the conservation of small threatened seabird populations.</p>
Spraints demonstrate small population size and reliance on fishponds for Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Hong Kong
<p><span>Lack of data on population sizes and resource requirements are major impediments to the effective conservation of rare species globally. The conservation of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) in Hong Kong reflects many of these key challenges for elusive and difficult-to-study mammals. It is a rare carnivore that has narrowly escaped extirpation, now surviving within a human-dominated environment. Using sign surveys and spraint analysis, we recorded only 40 fresh spraints from 246 otter signs locations, over four months of intensive sampling across two years. Records were restricted to the Mai Po wetlands, confirming this as the core area for Hong Kong's otter population. Molecular analysis and microsatellite genotyping identified a minimum of seven individuals, two pairs of which were likely related. The genetic and sign data together strongly indicate a small population. Fish dominated the otter diet, highlighting the importance of fishpond habitats as a premium foraging resource. Given the rapid changes surrounding the Mai Po area (especially the new Northern Metropolis Development Strategy), maintaining quality and connected habitats, in addition to sustaining commercial fishponds will be key to otter recovery and long-term population viability in Hong Kong.</span></p>
Data for: Ectoparasite population dynamics affected by host body size but not host density or water temperature in a 32-year long time series
<p>Host density, host body size, and ambient temperature have all been positively associated with increases in parasite infection. However, the relative importance of these factors in shaping long-term parasite population dynamics in wild host populations is unknown due to the absence of long-term studies. Here, we examine long-term drivers of gill lice (Copepoda) infections in Arctic charr (Salmonidae) over 32 years. We predicted that host density and body size and water temperature would all positively affect parasite population size and population growth rate. Our results show that fish size was the main driver of gill lice infections in Arctic charr. In addition, Arctic charr became infected at smaller sizes and with more parasites in years of higher brown trout population size. Negative intraguild interactions between brown trout and Arctic charr appear to drive smaller Arctic charr to seek refuge in deeper areas of the lake, thus increasing infection risk. There was no effect of host density on the force of infection, and the relationship between Arctic charr density and parasite mean abundance was negative, possibly due to an encounter-dilution effect. The population densities of host and parasite fluctuated independently of one another. Water temperature had negligible effects on the temporal dynamics of the gill lice population. Understanding long-term drivers of parasite population dynamics is key for research and management. In fish farms, artificially high densities of hosts lead to vast increases in the transmission of parasitic copepods. However, in wild fish populations fluctuating at natural densities, the surface area available for copepodid attachment might be more important than the density of available hosts.</p>
The timings of host diapause and epidemic progression mediate host genetic diversity and future epidemic size in Daphnia-parasite populations
<p>Epidemics commonly exert parasite-mediated selection and cause declines in host population genetic diversity. This could lead to evolution of resistance in the long-term and smaller subsequent epidemics. Alternatively, the loss of genetic diversity could increase host vulnerability to future disease spread and larger future epidemics. Matters are made more complex by the fact that a great many host organisms produce diapausing life stages in response to environmental change (often as a result of sexual reproduction) e.g., plant seeds and invertebrate resting eggs. These diapausing stages can disrupt the relationship between past epidemics, host genetic diversity and future epidemics because they allow host dispersal through time. Specifically, temporally dispersing hosts avoid infection and thus selection from contemporary parasites, and also archive genetic variation for the future. We studied 80 epidemics in 20 semi-natural populations of the temporally dispersing crustacean Daphnia magna and its sterilising bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa, and half of these populations experienced a simulated environmental disturbance treatment. We found that early initiation of diapause relative to the timing of the epidemic led to greater host genetic diversity and reduced epidemic size in the subsequent year, but this was unaffected by environmental disturbance.</p>
Data from: Effective population size in a partially clonal plant is not predicted by the number of genetic individuals
<p>Estimating effective population size (<em>N</em><sub>e</sub>) is important for theoretical and practical applications in evolutionary biology and conservation. Nevertheless, estimates of <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> in organisms with complex life-history traits remain scarce because of the challenges associated with estimation methods. Partially clonal plants capable of both vegetative (clonal) growth and sexual reproduction are a common group of organisms for which the discrepancy between the apparent number of individuals (ramets) and the number of genetic individuals (genets) can be striking, and it is unclear how this discrepancy relates to <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>.</p> <p>In this study, we analysed two populations of the orchid <em>Cypripedium calceolus</em> to understand how the rate of clonal vs. sexual reproduction affected <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>. We genotyped >1,000 ramets at microsatellite and SNP loci, and estimated contemporary <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> with the linkage disequilibrium method, starting from the theoretical expectation that variance in reproductive success among individuals caused by clonal reproduction and by constraints on sexual reproduction would lower <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>. We considered factors potentially affecting our estimates, including different marker types and sampling strategies, and the influence of pseudoreplication in genomic datasets on <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> confidence intervals. The magnitude of <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>/<em>N</em><sub>ramets </sub>and <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>/<em>N</em><sub>genets</sub> ratios we provide may be used as reference points for other species with similar life-history traits. Our findings demonstrate that <em>N</em><sub>e</sub> in partially clonal plants cannot be predicted based on the number of genets generated by sexual reproduction, because demographic changes over time can strongly influence <em>N</em><sub>e</sub>. This is especially relevant in species of conservation concern, in which population declines may not be detected by only ascertaining the number of genets.</p>
Drivers of strong isolation and small effective population size at a leading range edge of a widespread plant
<p>Climate change has influenced species distributions worldwide with upward elevational shifts observed in many systems. Leading range edge populations, like those at upper elevation limits, are crucial for climate change responses but can exhibit low genetic diversity due to founder effects, isolation, or limited outbreeding. These factors can hamper local adaptation at range limits. Using the widespread herb, <em>Argentina</em> <em>anserina</em>, we measured ecological attributes (population density on the landscape, area of population occupancy, and plant and flower density) spanning a 1000m elevation gradient, with high elevation populations at the range limit. We measured vegetative clonal potential in the greenhouse for populations spanning the gradient. We combined these data with a ddRAD-seq dataset to test the hypotheses that high-elevation populations would exhibit ecological and genomic signatures of leading range edge populations. We found that population density on the landscape declined towards the high elevation limit, as is expected towards range edges. However, plant density was elevated within edge populations. In the greenhouse, high-elevation plants exhibited stronger clonal potential than low-elevation plants, likely explaining increased plant density in the field. Phylogeographic analysis supported more recent colonization of high-elevation populations which were also more genetically isolated, had more extreme heterozygote excess, and had smaller effective population size than low. Results support that colonization of high elevations was likely accompanied by increased asexuality, contributing to a decline in effective population size. Despite high plant density in leading-edge populations, their small effective size, isolation, and clonality could constrain adaptive potential.</p>
Data from: Genetic mark-recapture analysis of winter faecal pellets allows estimation of population size in sage grouse Centrocercus urophasianus
<p><span>Sex ratio, and the extent to which it varies over time, is an important factor in the demography, management, and conservation of wildlife populations. We estimated pre-breeding sex ratio of greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) in a peripheral, geographically isolated population in northwestern Colorado during two consecutive winters using closed-population, robust-design, multi-state, genetic mark-recapture models in program MARK (White and Burnham 1999). This data release includes the data files (.inp format) used in those models, as described in Shyvers et al. 2023. The data include capture histories and auxiliary data for individual greater sage-grouse collected during two study seasons: Season 1 (winter 2012-2013) and Season 2 (winter 2013-2014) and are readable using program MARK or notepad. Each data row includes the unique bird identification number (GMR-ID); the bird's encounter history for n= sampling occasions coded as a static state (M = male, F = female); the group ID; and a region covariate (0 = North, 1 = South). The data were adapted from those originally developed for Shyvers et al. 2020 and applied using Closed Robust Design Multi-state (CRDMS) Huggins' p and c w/state probabilities in program MARK to obtain estimates of Omega, enabling estimation of sex ratio with associated confidence intervals (see Shyvers et al. 2023).</span></p> <p>References:</p> <p>Shyvers, J.E., Walker, B.L., Oyler-McCance, S.J., Fike, J.A. and Noon, B.R. 2023. Genetic mark-recapture analysis reveals large annual variation in pre-breeding sex ratio of greater sage-grouse. Wildlife Biology (https://doi.org/10.1002/wlb3.01085)</p> <p>Shyvers, J.E., Walker, B.L., Oyler‐McCance, S.J., Fike, J.A. and Noon, B.R., 2020. Genetic mark-recapture analysis of winter faecal pellets allows estimation of population size in Sage Grouse Centrocercus urophasianus. Ibis, 162(3), pp.749-765.</p> <p>White, G. C., and K. P. Burnham. 1999. Program Mark: survival estimation from populations of marked animals. – Bird Study 46:120–139.</p>
Data from: Environmental and climate variability drive population size of annual penaeid shrimp in a large lagoonal estuary
<p>Species with short life spans frequently show a close relationship between population abundance and environmental variation making these organisms potential indicator species of climatic variability. White (<em>Penaeus</em> <em>setiferus</em>), brown (<em>P</em>. <em>aztecus</em>), and pink (<em>P</em>. <em>duorarum</em>) penaeid shrimp typically have an annual life history and are of enormous ecological, cultural, and economic value to the southeastern United States and Gulf of Mexico. Within North Carolina, all three species rely on the Pamlico Sound, a large estuarine system that straddles Cape Hatteras, one of the most significant climate and biogeographic breaks in the world, as a nursery area. These characteristics make penaeid species within the Pamlico Sound a critical species-habitat complex for assessing climate impacts on fisheries. However, a comprehensive analysis of the influence of the environmental conditions that influence penaeid shrimp populations has been lacking in North Carolina. In this study, we used more than 30 years of data from two fishery-independent trawl surveys in the Pamlico Sound to examine the spatial distribution and abundance of adult brown, white, and pink shrimp and the environmental drivers associated with adult shrimp abundance and juvenile brown shrimp recruitment using numerical models. Brown shrimp recruitment models demonstrate that years with higher temperature, salinity, offshore windstress, and North Atlantic Oscillation phase predict increased abundance of juveniles. Additionally, models predicting adult brown, white, and pink shrimp abundance illustrate the importance of winter temperatures, windstress, salinity, the North Atlantic Oscillation index, and the abundance of spawning adult populations from the previous year on shrimp abundance. Our findings show a high degree of variability in shrimp abundance is explained by climate and environmental variation and indicate the importance of understanding these relationships in order to predict the impact of climate variability within ecosystems and develop climate-based adaptive management strategies for marine populations.</p>
Data from: The costs of living on the coast: reduction in body size and size-specific reproductive output in coastal populations of a widespread amphibian
<ol> <li>Body size is a critical component of organismal biology. Body size is known to be influenced by a plethora of environmental conditions, among which exposure to large-scale variations of salinity has been comparatively overlooked. Yet, exposure to salinity is known to affect energetic allocation toward growth and reproduction.</li> <li>In this study, we investigated the morphological differences between inland and coastal individuals of spined toads (<em>Bufo</em> <em>spinosus</em>) in Western France. </li> <li>We measured adult morphology both outside and during the reproductive season on 190 individuals, and assessed reproduction in pairs originating from inland (N=20) and coastal (N=30) environments.</li> <li>Overall, we found that adult coastal toads were smaller and lighter than inland individuals. Reproductive correlates of these differences included lower fecundity and smaller egg size (but higher egg density) in coastal females. Interestingly, these differences were not allometric correlates of body size, as coastal females invested proportionally less in all components of reproduction (fecundity, egg size and egg protection).</li> <li>These results suggest altered resource allocation to growth and reproduction in coastal amphibians, which may be related to the marked spatial gradient of salinity (measured in reproductive ponds) and the associated costs of osmoregulation (higher osmolality in coastal individuals), for which local adaptation and higher tolerance to salinity remains to be tested.</li> </ol>
Age Structure and Body Size of The Tibetan Toad (Bufo tibetanus) Populations from Two Different Altitudes in China
<p>Knowledge about the altitudinal patterns in age and body size helps to highlight the evolution of life history parameters in animals. In this study, we investigated the demographic traits of the Tibetan toad (<em>Bufo tibetanus</em>) between populations from low and high altitude habitats (2650 <em>vs</em> 3930m) using skeletochronology. We found 1) the mean age and body size of females were significantly greater than those of males in either population; 2) both sexes of toads from the higher altitude tended to be significantly older in age and larger in body size; 3) a significant positive relationship between age and body size within each sex of the toad at both altitudes; 4) growth rates varied between the two populations, with the higher rate observed in the low-altitude population, and lower in the high-altitude population. Our results suggest that factors other than age can influence altitudinal patterns in body size, such as altitude-associated temperature. Future research should pay attention to these factors and evaluate their influences on the growth patterns of animals.Knowledge about the altitudinal patterns in age and body size helps to highlight the evolution of life history parameters in animals. In this study, we investigated the demographic traits of the Tibetan toad (<em>Bufo tibetanus</em>) between populations from low and high altitude habitats (2650 <em>vs</em> 3930m) using skeletochronology. We found 1) the mean age and body size of females were significantly greater than those of males in either population; 2) both sexes of toads from the higher altitude tended to be significantly older in age and larger in body size; 3) a significant positive relationship between age and body size within each sex of the toad at both altitudes; 4) growth rates varied between the two populations, with the higher rate observed in the low-altitude population, and lower in the high-altitude population. Our results suggest that factors other than age can influence altitudinal patterns in body size, such as altitude-associated temperature. Future research should pay attention to these factors and evaluate their influences on the growth patterns of animals.</p>
Reduced sexual size dimorphism in a pipefish population where males do not prefer larger females
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Variation in population size, nest distribution, colony extent, and timing of movements at the largest known parrot colony
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Big cat vcf files from: Exceedingly low genetic diversity in snow leopards due to persistently small population size
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Data from: Is genomic diversity a useful proxy for census population size? Evidence from a species-rich community of desert lizards
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Plant size, latitude, and phylogeny explain within-population variability in herbivory
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Temporal variability in effective size (Ne) identifies potential sources of discrepancies between mark recapture and close kin mark recapture estimates of population abundance
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Data from: Stalk size and altruism investment within and among populations of the social amoeba
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Data from: Abundance models of endemic birds of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, northern South America, suggest small population sizes and dependence on montane elevations
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.