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Fig. 6. A in A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland

Fig. 6. A predatory archosaur Smok wawelski gen. et sp. nov., Lisowice (Lipie Śląskie clay−pit), Late Triassic (lates Norian–early Rhaetian). Isolated teeth in lateral view. A. ZPAL V.33/55. B. ZPAL V.33/50.

Fig. 4. A in A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland

Fig. 4. A predatory archosaur Smok wawelski gen. et sp. nov., Lisowice (Lipie Śląskie clay−pit), Late Triassic (lates Norian–early Rhaetian). A. Right premaxilla, ZPAL V.33/19, in lateral view. B. Left maxilla, ZPAL V.33/20, in lateral view. C. Left jugal, ZPAL V.33/97, in lateral view. D. Left frontal, ZPALV.33/21, in dorsal view. E. Left parietal, ZPAL V.33/98, in dorsal view.

Fig. 5. A in A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland

Fig. 5. A predatory archosaur Smok wawelski gen. et sp. nov., Lisowice (Lipie Śląskie clay−pit), Late Triassic (lates Norian–early Rhaetian). Pelvic girdle with sacrals (based on specimens ZPAL V.33/298, 300, 302–304), in posterior (A) and lateral (B) views.

Fig. 1 in A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland

Fig. 1. Field sketch showing distribution of Smok wawelski gen. et sp. nov. bones within the dark fine−grained mudstone lens at Lipie Śląskie clay−pit at Lisowice and their inferred routes of dislocation from the cadaver, presumably by scavengers or by water currents. Particular bone outlines are enlarged to show their orientation. Large tridactyl footprints were found somewhat above this level and outside the mapped area.

Fig. 3. A in A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland

Fig. 3. A predatory archosaur Smok wawelski gen. et sp. nov., Lisowice (Lipie Śląskie clay−pit), Late Triassic (lates Norian–early Rhaetian). Partially preserved braincase, ZPAL V.33/15, in left lateral (A) and dorsal views (B). Note that the right exoccipital−opisthotic, which is preserved as a separate piece, is not shown in the photo but is depicted in the reconstruction drawing in Fig. 2D.

Fig. 2. A in A large predatory archosaur from the Late Triassic of Poland

Fig. 2. A predatory archosaur Smok wawelski gen. et sp. nov., Lisowice (Lipie Śląskie clay−pit), Late Triassic (lates Norian–early Rhaetian). A. Skeletal restoration. B. Right dentary, ZPAL V.33/25, in lateral view. C. Left femur ZPAL V.33/45 in lateral (C1) and cranial views (C2). D. Reconstruction of partially preserved braincase ZPAL V.33/15,16, in dorsal (D1), left lateral (D2), and ventral (D3) views.

Fig. 3 in Sarcocystis calchasi and other Sarcocystidae detected in predatory birds in California, USA

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic tree based on 28S rRNA sequences of Sarcocystis spp. obtained from raptor intestinal samples and reference sequences available in GenBank. The phylogenetic relationships were determined by the Maximum Likelihood method using MEGA-X version 10.2.6 (Kumar et al., 2018). Numbers above or below nodes represent bootstrap confidence values from 500 replicates. The distances were computed using the Tamura-Nei model (Tamura and Nei, 1993). Branch lengths are proportional to sequence divergence and relate to the scale bar (bottom left). GenBank reference sequences are labeled by their accession number and associated information. Raptor sequences are labeled by animal identification number, region amplified (28S), Sarcocystis spp. with the highest homology found by BLASTn, 4-letter alpha-code for the raptor species common name, and NCBI accession number. COHA: Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii), NOGO: northern goshawk (A. gentilis), RSHA: red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), RTHA: red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis), SSHA: sharp-shinned hawk (A. striatus). Note the Eumonospora henryae-like sequence was not included in the analysis. Detailed information for each bird and sequence is presented in Supplementary Table 1.

Fig. 1 in Sarcocystis calchasi and other Sarcocystidae detected in predatory birds in California, USA

Fig. 1. Number of avian carcasses evaluated for Sarcocystis spp. by county in California, USA between 2016 and 2020. Species include American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos; n = 11), Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii; n = 16), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus; n = 12), northern goshawk (A. gentilis; n = 2), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus; n = 3), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus; n = 12), red-tailed hawk (B. jamaicensis; n = 36), and sharp-shinned hawk (A. striatus; n = 4).

Fig. 2 in Sarcocystis calchasi and other Sarcocystidae detected in predatory birds in California, USA

Fig. 2. Examples of two 28S rRNA chromatograms showing double, overlapping peaks. The chromatogram for northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) Z19-0970 (top) from Lassen County, California, USA shows the predominate nucleotide for Sarcocystis columbae (99.7% homology) and secondary nucleotide for S. turdusi (98.7% homology); clear double peaks are patent at positions 219, 234, 241 and 260. The chromatogram for Cooper's hawk (A. cooperii) Z20-0257 (bottom) from Los Angeles County, California, USA shows the predominate nucleotide for S. columbae (99.7% homology) and the secondary nucleotide for S. halieti (100% homology); clear double peaks are patent at positions 249 and 261. Note the marginal presence of noise in the remainder of the sequences.

Fig. 4 in Sarcocystis calchasi and other Sarcocystidae detected in predatory birds in California, USA

Fig. 4. Photomicrograph of intestine from Sarcocystis calchasi-positive Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii) Z17-0062 collected from Los Angeles County, California, USA, showing sporocysts/oocysts (*) in the mucosa. Hematoxylin and eosin stain; scale bar 20 μm.

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Figure 3 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids

Figure 3 Time spent by Hippodamia convergens (Coccinellidae) in each behavioral category evaluated in the presence and absence of prey and another predator (Chrysoperla externa – Chrysopidae), during 60 minutes. Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase. Average time (%) followed by the same letters do not differ from each other by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Test p<0.05.

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Figure 2 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids

Figure 2 Time spent by Chrysoperla externa (Chrysopidae) in each behavioral category evaluated in the presence and absence of prey and another predator (Hippodamia convergens– Coccinellidae),during 60 minutes.Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase. Average time (%) followed by the same letters do not differ from each other by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's Test p<0.05

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Figure 1 in Predatory capacity and intraguild interaction between aphidophagous predators in the control of rose bush aphids

Figure 1 Survival rate of predators Chrysoperla externa (Chrysopidae) andHippodamia convergens (Coccinellidae) in the presence and absence of Rhodobium posorum and Macrosiphum rosae (Aphididae). Temperature of 25±1°C, relative humidity of 70±10% and 12-hour photophase.

Fig. 5 in Starvation time and predatory efficiency of spider species on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Fig. 5. Longevity of different spider species without prey (mean ± SE). The differences were analysed by 1-way ANOVA, using a Tukey HSD post-hoc test at a significance level of P <0.05. Values are means of 8 replications.

Fig. 3 in Starvation time and predatory efficiency of spider species on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Fig. 3. Comparison of cumulative predation number (mean ± SE) of different spider species at the same times, at (A) 1 h; (B) 4 h; (C) 8 h; and (D) 16 h of bioassay. The differences were analysed by 1-way ANOVA, using a Tukey HSD post-hoc test at a significance level of P <0.05. Values are means of 8 replications.

Fig. 2 in Starvation time and predatory efficiency of spider species on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Fig. 2. Cumulative predation number (mean ± SE) of each spider species at different times in the lab, at 1, 4, 8, and 16 h of bioassay. The differences were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA, using a Tukey HSD post-hoc test at a significance level of P <0.05. Values are means of 8 replications.

Fig. 4 in Starvation time and predatory efficiency of spider species on Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Fig. 4. Comparison of cumulative predation number (mean ± SE) of different spider species at the same times in a greenhouse. (A) 24 h and (B) 48 h of bioassay. The differences were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA, using a Tukey HSD post-hoc test at a significance level of P <0.05. Values are means of 8 replications.

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Fig. 1 in Efficacy of a biopesticide and predatory mite to manage chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in strawberry

Fig. 1. Mean (± SE) adult and larval Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood per 3 strawberry leaflets on caged strawberry plants treated with (1) Capsicum oleoresin based biopesticide, (2) predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii, and (3) conventional insecticide spinetoram, and compared with control plants for 7, 14, 21, and 28 d afer treatment. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P <0.05; Tukey HSD).

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Fig. 2 in Efficacy of a biopesticide and predatory mite to manage chilli thrips, Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in strawberry

Fig. 2. Mean (± SE) plant damage rating caused by feeding of Scirtothrips dorsalis Hood on caged strawberry plants treated with (1) Capsicum oleoresin based biopesticide, (2) predatory mite Amblyseius swirskii, and (3) conventional insecticide spinetoram, and compared with control plants for 7 and 28 d afer treatment. Means with the same letter are not significantly different (P <0.05; Tukey HSD). Images of strawberry damage rating (0–4) shows the scale used to assign damage rating to plants.