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FIGURE 2 in Protected areas and compositional diversity of fish from Serranias Costeiras of the Ribeira de Iguape River basin, Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 2 | Species richness shared and exclusive of the stream stretches from full protection, sustainable use, and outside areas.

FIGURE 1 in Protected areas and compositional diversity of fish from Serranias Costeiras of the Ribeira de Iguape River basin, Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 1 | Protected Areas and stream stretches sampled in the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin. 1) Parque Estadual Jurupará (PEJU), 2) Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho (PECB), 3) Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI), 4) Área de Proteção Ambiental da Serra do Mar (APASM), and 5) Área de Proteção Ambiental Quilombos do Médio Ribeira (APAQMR).

FIGURE 4 in Protected areas and compositional diversity of fish from Serranias Costeiras of the Ribeira de Iguape River basin, Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 4 | Sample-size-based species richness rarefaction interpolation (solid line) and extrapolation (dotted line) sampling curves of full protection (FP), sustainable use (SU), and outside (Out) with confidence intervals.

FIGURE 3 in Protected areas and compositional diversity of fish from Serranias Costeiras of the Ribeira de Iguape River basin, Southeast Brazil

FIGURE 3 | NMDS biplot of the fish abundance data (Hellinger- transformed and Euclidean distance matrix). Stress = 0.20. The 30% most frequent species with 50% best axis fit were added using weighted averages. Species identification with code is in Tab. 1.

Fig. 1 in Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Fig. 1. Political map of Valle del Cauca (Colombia). North: El Águila (AGL), El Cairo (CR), Ansermanuevo (ASN), Argelia (ARG), Cartago (CTG), Ulloa (ULA), Alcalá (ACL), Toro (TR), Versalles (VRSL), Obando (OBD), La Unión (UN), El Dovio (DV), Roldanillo (RDNL), La Victoria (VTR), Zarzal (ZRZ), Bolívar (BLV); East: Sevilla (SVL), Caicedonia (CDN); Middle: Bugalagrande (BGG), Trujillo (TJL), Andalucía (ADL), Rio Frio (RF), Tuluá (TL), San Pedro (S/PD), Yotoco (YTC), Darién (DR), Buga (BG), Guacarí (GCR), Ginebra (GNB), Vijes (VJ), Restrepo (RTP), Cumbre (CMB), El Cerrito (CRT); South: Palmira (PMR), Yumbo (YMB), Cali (CL), Candelaria (CDR), Pradera (PDR), Florida (FRD), Jamundí (JMD); West: Buenaventura (B/tura), Dagua (DG).

Fig. 6 in Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Fig. 6. Endemic species listed according to (A) threat category, and (B) by protected areas in Valle del Cauca.

Fig. 3 in Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Fig. 3. Distribution maps for the richness of herpetofauna in the most documented areas in Valle del Cauca. (A) richness, (B) NT species, (C) VU species, (D) EN species, (E) CR species, and (F) DD species.

Fig. 5 in Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Fig. 5. The herpetofauna of Valle del Cauca according to (A) the type of protected area, and (B) species with some degree of threat in each type of protected area.

Fig. 2 in Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Fig. 2. Threat status of the percentage of herpetofaunal species in Valle de Cauca: (A) = Amphibians, (B) = Reptiles.

Fig. 4 in Conservation status of the herpetofauna, protected areas, and current problems in Valle del Cauca, Colombia

Fig. 4. Municipalities in Valle del Cauca with the greatest number of species in the threat categories: (A) Buenaventura, (B) Dagua, (C) Cali, (D) Darién, (E) El Cairo, and (F) La Cumbre.

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Climate change exposure and vulnerability of the global protected area estate from an international perspective

Aim: Protected areas are essential to conserve biodiversity and ecosystem benefits to society under increasing human pressures of the Anthropocene. Anthropogenic climate change, however, threatens the enduring effectiveness of protected areas in conserving biodiversity and providing ecosystem services, because it modifies and redistributes biodiversity with unknown consequences for ecosystem functioning within protected areas. Here we assess (1) the climate change exposure of the global terrestrial protected area estate and (2) the climate change vulnerability of national protected area estates. Location: Terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Methods: We calculated local climate change exposure as predicted climate anomalies between the present and 2070 using ten global climate models, two emission scenarios (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) and the finest spatial resolution available for global climate projections (approx. 1 km). We estimated the climate change vulnerability of national protected area estates by analysing countrywide relationships between protected areas' climate anomalies and other protected area characteristics, i.e. area, elevation, terrain ruggedness, human footprint and irreplaceability for globally threatened species. Results: We found predicted climate anomalies highest in protected areas of (sub-)tropical countries. The correlations between climate anomalies and protected area characteristics strongly differ between countries. Globally, protected areas showing large climate anomalies tend to be at high elevation and highly irreplaceable for threatened species, increasing climate change vulnerability. These protected areas are relatively large in area, of high topographic heterogeneity and less pressured by humans, decreasing climate change vulnerability. Main conclusion: This study reveals potential hotspots of climate change impact inside the terrestrial protected area estate. It thus supports and guides climate-smart conservation policy and management, particularly national to local authorities, to ensure the future effectiveness of protected areas in preserving biodiversity and ecosystem benefits under climate change.

Fig. 43 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Fig. 43. Map of the Orlické hory Mts. (including adjacent regions) with localities 1-140 (see text for details).

Fig. 45 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Fig. 45. Aerial view of the Orlické hory Mts.; note the meander of the Bělá river in the Antoníino údolí valley. Photo Jan Mocek.

Fig. 42 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Fig. 42. Map of the Orlické hory PLA and adjacent protected areas (Czech Republic) with sampling sites.

Figs. 29-41 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Figs. 29-41. Clytocerus (Boreoclytocerus) splendidus sp. nov., J. 29 – corniculus (variability); 30 – basal antennomeres; 31 – apical antennomeres; 32 – maxilla and maxillary palpus; 33 – dorsal view of terminal lobe of labium; 34 – lateral view of thoracic sclerites; 35 – dorsal view of fore claw; 36 – dorsal view of aedeagal complex and gonopode; 37 – lateral view of aedeagal complex; 38 – lateral view of gonocoxite and gonostyle; 39 – hypandrium, variability; 40 – dorsal view of epandrium and surstylus; 41 – same, lateral view. Scales = 0.1 mm (Figs. 29-38, 40-41) and 0.05 mm (Fig. 39).

Figs. 21-28 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Figs. 21-28. Clytocerus (Boreoclytocerus) splendidus sp. nov., J. 21 – frontoclypeus; 22 – corniculus; 23 – pedicel and postpedicel; 24 – 'prothoracal' spiraculum (detail); 25 – wing; 26 – neala; 27 – wing membrane and veins in detail; 28 – hypandrium. Scales = 0.05 mm (Figs. 22-24, 28), 0.02 mm (Fig. 27), 0.1 mm (Fig. 26), 0.2 mm (Fig. 21), and 1 mm (Fig. 25).

Figs. 1-5 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Figs. 1-5. Parajungiella bohdanecensis sp. nov., J. 1 – head; 2 – caudal view of fold of eye; 3 – maxilla and maxillary palpus; 4 – wing (bc – basal cell, nl – neala); 5 – wing basis (bcn – basal costal node). Scales = 0.1 mm (Figs. 1, 3, 5); 0.05 mm (Fig. 2); 0.5 mm (Fig. 4).

Fig. 49 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Fig. 49. Trčkov NNR; beech-fir wood; pyramidal trap Fig. 50. Velká louka NM meadow, environs of Trčkov; installed on a decayed fir stump. Photo Josef Hájek. shothole pool. Photo Josef Hájek.

Fig. 47 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Fig. 47. Bukačka NNR; wet mountain slopes of the Horní louka meadow with more than 240 recorded species of macrophytes. Photo Josef Hájek.

Fig. 44 in Psychodidae (Diptera) of the Orlické hory Protected Landscape Area and neighbouring areas with descriptions of two new species from the Czech Republic

Fig. 44. Occurrence of Ulomyia plumata (Tonnoir, 1919) (circles), distributed in the mountains, and Peripsychoda auriculata (Curtis, 1839) (squares), characteristic of lowlands and hills, in the Orlické hory Mts.