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203 results for “rates of evolution”
FIGURE 4 in Does soil color affect fish evolution? Differences in color change rate between lineages of the sailfin tetra
FIGURE 4 | Mean and SE representing color change rates for each population of Crenuchus spilurus. Colors represent populations as in Fig. 1. Black and grey bars represent populations of the Negro lineage, red and brown bars represent populations of the Amazonas lineage. Letters represent groupings observed in Tukey's HSD test.
FIGURE 1 in Does soil color affect fish evolution? Differences in color change rate between lineages of the sailfin tetra
FIGURE 1 | Reflectance of the types of substrates commonly found in igarapés in the Amazon forest: dead leaves (brown), clay (orange) and sand (yellow). The strong dissimilarity between white sand and dead leaves creates a higher contrast at the environment.
Data from: Ancestral state reconstruction, rate heterogeneity, and the evolution of reptile viviparity
Virtually all models for reconstructing ancestral states for discrete characters make the crucial assumption that the trait of interest evolves at a uniform rate across the entire tree. Although methods for identifying evolutionary rate shifts in continuous characters have attracted recent attention (e.g. Eastman et al., 2011, Stack et al., 2011), such methods for discrete characters have only very recently been developed (Beaulieu et al., 2013, Beaulieu and O'Meara 2014) and have yet to be widely used. However, ancestral state reconstructions of discrete characters are being performed on increasingly large phylogenies, where it is likely that evolutionary rates will vary greatly between different clades (Beaulieu and O'Meara 2014). Here, we show how failure to account for such variable evolutionary rates can cause highly anomalous (and likely incorrect) results, while three methods that accommodate rate variability yield the opposite, more plausible, and more robust reconstructions. The random local clock method, implemented in BEAST, estimates the position and magnitude of rate changes on the tree, split BiSSE estimates separate rate parameters for pre-specified clades, and the hidden rates model partitions each character state into a number of rate categories. The importance of accounting for rate heterogeneity in ancestral state reconstruction is highlighted empirically with a new analysis of the evolution of viviparity in squamate reptiles. Additionally, simulations show the inadequacy of traditional models when characters evolve with both asymmetry (different rates of change between states within a character) and heterotachy (different rates of character evolution across different clades).
Data from: Rates of karyotypic evolution in Estrildid finches differ between island and continental clades
Reasons why chromosomal rearrangements spread to fixation and frequently distinguish related taxa remain poorly understood. We used cytological descriptions of karyotype to identify large pericentric inversions between species of Estrildid finches (family Estrildidae) and a time-dated phylogeny to assess the genomic, geographic, and phylogenetic context of karyotype evolution in this group. Inversions between finch species fixed at an average rate of one every 2.26 My. Inversions were twice as likely to fix on the sex chromosomes compared to the autosomes. A high repeat density on the sex chromosomes may increase mutation rates, but other explanations via mutagenic input are not supported, as the number of inversions on a chromosome does not correlate with its length or map size. Inversions have fixed 3.3× faster in three continental clades than in two island chain clades, and fixation rate correlates with both range size and the number of sympatric species pairs. These results point to adaptation as the dominant mechanism driving fixation and suggest a role for gene flow in karyotype divergence. A review shows that the rapid karyotype evolution observed in the Estrildid finches appears to be more general across birds, and by implication other understudied taxa.
Data from: Rates of morphological evolution are heterogeneous in Early Cretaceous birds
The Early Cretaceous is a critical interval in the early history of birds. Exceptional fossils indicate that important evolutionary novelties such as a pygostyle and a keeled sternum had already arisen in Early Cretaceous taxa, bridging much of the morphological gap between Archaeopteryx and crown birds. However, detailed features of basal bird evolution remain obscure because of both the small sample of fossil taxa previously considered and a lack of quantitative studies assessing rates of morphological evolution. Here we apply a recently available phylogenetic method and associated sensitivity tests to a large data matrix of morphological characters to quantify rates of morphological evolution in Early Cretaceous birds. Our results reveal that although rates were highly heterogeneous between different Early Cretaceous avian lineages, consistent patterns of significantly high or low rates were harder to pinpoint. Nevertheless, evidence for accelerated evolutionary rates is strongest at the point when Ornithuromorpha (the clade comprises all extant birds and descendants from their most recent common ancestors) split from Enantiornithes (a diverse clade that went extinct at the end-Cretaceous), consistent with the hypothesis that this key split opened up new niches and ultimately led to greater diversity for these two dominant clades of Mesozoic birds.
Data from: Mutation rate evolution in partially selfing and partially asexual organisms
Different factors may influence the evolution of the mutation rate of a species: costs associated with DNA replication fidelity, indirect selection caused by the mutations produced (that should generally favor lower mutation rates, given that most mutations affecting fitness are deleterious) and genetic drift, that may render selection acting on weak mutators inefficient. In this paper, we use a two-locus model to compute the strength of indirect selection acting on a modifier locus that affects the mutation rate towards a deleterious allele at a second, linked locus, in a population undergoing partial selfing or partial clonality. The results show that uniparental reproduction increases the effect of indirect selection for lower mutation rates. Extrapolating to the case of a whole genome with many deleterious alleles and introducing a direct cost a DNA replication fidelity, the results can be used to compute the evolutionarily stable mutation rate U. In the absence of mutational bias towards higher U, the analytical prediction fits well with individual-based, multilocus simulation results. When such a bias is added into the simulations, however, genetic drift may lead to the maintenance of higher mutation rates, and this effect may be amplified in highly selfing or highly clonal populations due to their reduced effective population size.
Data from: Identifying hidden rate changes in the evolution of a binary morphological character: the evolution of plant habit in Campanulid angiosperms
The growth of phylogenetic trees in scope and in size is promising from the standpoint of understanding a wide variety of evolutionary patterns and processes. With trees comprised of larger, older, and globally distributed clades, it is likely that the lability of a binary character will differ significantly among lineages, which could lead to errors in estimating transition rates and the associated inference of ancestral states. Here we develop and implement a new method for identifying different rates of evolution in a binary character along different branches of a phylogeny. We illustrate this approach by exploring the evolution of growth habit in Campanulidae, a flowering plant clade containing some 35,000 species. The distribution of woody versus herbaceous species calls into question the use of traditional models of binary character evolution. The recognition and accommodation of changes in the rate of growth form evolution in different lineages demonstrates, for the first time, a robust picture of growth form evolution across a very large, very old, and very widespread flowering plant clade.
Supplementary material 1 from: Gavrilov VM, Golubeva TB, Bushuev AV (2023) Metabolic rate, sleep duration, and body temperature in evolution of mammals and birds: the influence of geological time of principal groups divergence. ZooKeys 1148: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1148.93458
Mammalian Basal metabolic rate (BMR) dafrom Genoud et al. (2017)
Supplementary material 2 from: Gavrilov VM, Golubeva TB, Bushuev AV (2023) Metabolic rate, sleep duration, and body temperature in evolution of mammals and birds: the influence of geological time of principal groups divergence. ZooKeys 1148: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1148.93458
Aves BMR
Supplementary material 3 from: Gavrilov VM, Golubeva TB, Bushuev AV (2023) Metabolic rate, sleep duration, and body temperature in evolution of mammals and birds: the influence of geological time of principal groups divergence. ZooKeys 1148: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1148.93458
Sleep duration for endothermic species (by review Cambell & Tobler, 1984) and others
MSc. Thesis: Climate change and ectotherms - How rising temperatures might elevate rates of evolution
<p>R scripts & additional data created for a master's thesis at Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main in collaboration with Senckenberg Biodiversity- and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F)</p> <p> </p>
Data from: The effect of population bottlenecks on mutation rate evolution in asexual populations
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Data from: The relationship of recombination rate, genome structure, and patterns of molecular evolution across angiosperms
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Data from: Compensatory evolution in RNA secondary structures increases substitution rate variation among sites
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Data from: The small nuclear genomes of Selaginella are associated with a low rate of genome size evolution
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Data from: Mutation rate evolution in partially selfing and partially asexual organisms
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Data from: Evolution of size-dependent intraspecific competition predicts body size scaling of metabolic rate
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Data from: Size evolution in microorganisms masks trade-offs predicted by the growth rate hypothesis
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Data from: Effects of genotype on rates of substitution during experimental evolution
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Data from: Variation in promiscuity and sexual selection drives avian rate of Faster-Z evolution
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Allen Brain Atlas
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OpenNeuro
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