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Fig. 4 in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood phylogeny of 50 sequences sampled from the paca and açu variants of Cichla temensis (Genbank accession numbers HQ230011 - HQ230016) The phylogeny was rooted a posteriori with Cichla species of the clade A (sensu Willis et al. 2010) (GU295691- GU295704). The scale represents an HKY85 genetic distance.
Fig. 3. a in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 3. a) Mean (± SEM) lateral line scale counts for C. temensis, C. monoculus, and C. orinocensis. ANOVA showed no significant differences among the C. temensis variants but revealed significant differences interspecifically. Post hoc t tests (horizontal starred bar) revealed that all species were significantly different, p <0.0001*. b) Mean (± SEM) body depth to Standard Length ratio (adjusted for gonad size differential) for C. temensis, C. monoculus, and C. orinocensis. ANOVA showed no significant differences among the C. temensis variants but revealed significant differences interspecifically. Post hoc t tests (horizontal starred bar) revealed that all C. temensis were significantly different from both sympatric species, p <0.0001*.
Fig. 2 in Color pattern variation in Cichla temensis (Perciformes: Cichlidae): Resolution based on morphological, molecular, and reproductive data
Fig. 2. Collecting regions in two cyclically flooding drainages in the rio Amazon basin. Region 1, the Igapó-Açu region, a blackwater tributary complex of the rio Madeira, provided specimens of C. temensis and C. monoculus. Region 2, the rio Caures, a blackwater tributary of the rio Negro, provided specimens of C. temensis and C. orinocensis.
Figure 2. a, coelomic brood juveniles from a in Observations of reproductive strategies for some dendrochirotid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)
Figure 2. a, coelomic brood juveniles from a female Staurothyone inconspicua (Bell) showing mid-body constrictions and variable sizes (F58613; photo by CR). b, coelomic juvenile of S. inconspicua showing a deep mid-body constriction (F58456; CR). c, coelomic juveniles from a female Parathyonidium Heding species (F84983; CR). d, many small (F58592, late October; CR) and one large (F76371, late December; CR) coelomic brood juveniles of Neoamphicyclus materiae O'Loughlin. e, single large coelomic juvenile of N. materiae (F58606; late December; LA). f, invaginated body wall marsupium of Cladodactyla crocea (Lesson) with single remaining egg/embryo (F106967; 27 mm long; LA).
Figure 1 in Observations of reproductive strategies for some dendrochirotid holothuroids (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida)
Figure 1. Fissiparity by Cucuvitrum rowei O'Loughlin and O'Hara. a, peristaltic contractions in live specimen (F157401; about 25 mm long; photo by JE). b, 3 live individuals resulting from fissiparity (F157401; JE). c, live specimen showing regenerating anal end (F157419; 4 mm long; LA). d, preserved specimens showing evidence of fissiparity, with fully developed tentacles and ring and lacking internal soft organs (upper), with developing tentacles and ring (lower) (F161501; LA).
Data for: Thermoregulation enhances survival but not reproduction in a plant-feeding insect
<p>Temperature influences nearly all aspects of fitness. However, reproduction is often more thermally sensitive than survival. Thermoregulation must maintain performance in both components of fitness to buffer populations from environmental change. We assessed the fitness benefits of thermoregulation in <em>Enchenopa binotata</em> treehoppers. Under realistic mesocosm conditions, we quantified fine-scale microclimates using 3D-printed operative temperature models. We then compared operative temperatures to treehopper body temperatures and translated patterns of thermoregulation into variation in survival and reproduction. We also assessed two thermoregulatory mechanisms: precise microclimate choice and heat escape behaviors. Finally, we applied our results to evaluate if arthropod thermoregulation is accurately characterized by two theoretical models commonly used to simulate responses to environmental change. We found substantial thermal variation at fine spatial scales relevant to insects: at a single point in time, temperatures within 30cm-tall plants spanned ranges up to 19ºC (23-42ºC). Lethal operative temperatures were common when air temperatures were high. However, heat escapes allowed treehoppers to almost entirely avoid lethal temperatures. By contrast, individuals thermo-conformed in the absence of lethal operative temperatures. This finding suggests that precise microclimate choice imposes high costs due to thermal uncertainty at fine spatial scales. Furthermore, given the narrow range of temperatures in which reproduction occurs, thermoregulation is unlikely to maintain reproduction. Thermoregulation was most effective in the lowest-quality and most spatially variable thermal habitats. Treehopper thermoregulation therefore more closely follows cost-benefit models of thermoregulation compared to models that account for inhibited movement at extreme temperatures. Overall, even if thermoregulation can prevent lethal heat stress, thermoregulation may have limited capacity to buffer arthropods and other small ectotherms from environmental change if it cannot maintain reproductive performance.<strong> </strong></p>
Figure 1 in Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?
Figure 1. – Sampling sites in West, AMA (Adjacent Marine Protected Area of Hyères Bay) and East zones on the south-eastern coast of France, NW Mediterranean Sea.
Figure 4 in Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?
Figure 4. – Percentages of both sexes and females:males sex-ratio of Mullus surmuletus by zone (A) and season (B).
Figure 3 in Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?
Figure 3. – Mean (± SE) total length (TL, cm) of Mullus surmuletus in West, AMA and East zones. N: number of analyzed individuals per sex in zones. Values with the same post-hoc letters (red for females, blue for males) are not significantly different (p> 0.05).
Figure 2 in Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?
Figure 2. – Percentage of individuals of Mullus surmuletus analyzed by two-cm size class (total length in cm) and by sex. N: number of individuals, F: females, M: males, Undet.: unidentified group includes immature individuals and those whose sex could not be identified.
Figure 8 in Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?
Figure 8. – Mean percentages of gonadal development stages (GDS) of Mullus surmuletus. A: By zone for females; B: By zone for males; C: By season for females; D: By season for males. N: number of individuals.
Figure 6 in Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?
Figure 6. – Mean gonado-somatic index (GSI, %) of males and females of Mullus surmuletus by (A) zone and (B) season. Values with the same post-hoc let-letters (red for females, blue for males) are not significantly different (p> 0.05).
Figure 7 in Are fisheries regulations influencing the biology and reproduction of the surmullet Mullus surmuletus Linnaeus, 1758 on the south-eastern coasts of France (NW Mediterranean)?
Figure 7. – Mean percentage of gonadal development stages of Mullus surmuletus by 2-cm size class (TL, cm) and sex for (A) females and (B) males. N: number of individuals.
Data from: Do genetic loci that cause reproductive isolation in the lab inhibit gene flow in nature?
<p>The genetic dissection of reproductive barriers between diverging lineages provides enticing clues into the origin of species. One strategy uses linkage analysis in experimental crosses to identify genomic locations involved in phenotypes that mediate reproductive isolation. A second framework searches for genomic regions that show reduced rates of exchange across natural hybrid zones. It is often assumed that these approaches will point to the same loci, but this assumption is rarely tested. In this perspective, we discuss the factors that determine whether loci connected to postzygotic reproductive barriers in the laboratory are inferred to reduce gene flow in nature. We synthesize data on the genetics of postzygotic isolation in house mice, one of the most intensively studied systems in speciation genetics. In a rare empirical comparison, we measure the correspondence of loci tied to postzygotic barriers via genetic mapping in the laboratory and loci at which gene flow is inhibited across a natural hybrid zone. We find no evidence that the two sets of loci overlap beyond what is expected by chance. In light of these results, we recommend avenues for empirical and theoretical research to resolve the potential incongruence between the two predominant strategies for understanding the genetics of speciation.</p>
Data from: Inferring the evolution of reproductive isolation in a lineage of fossil threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus doryssus
<p>Darwin attributed the absence of species transitions in the fossil record to his hypothesis that speciation occurs within isolated habitat patches too geographically restricted to be captured by fossil sequences. Mayr's peripatric speciation model added that such speciation would be rapid, further explaining missing evidence of diversification. Indeed, Eldredge and Gould's original punctuated equilibrium model combined Darwin's conjecture, Mayr's model, and 124 years of unsuccessfully sampling the fossil record for transitions. Observing such divergence, however, could illustrate the tempo and mode of evolution during early speciation. Here, we investigate peripatric divergence in a Miocene stickleback fish, <em>Gasterosteus doryssus</em>. This lineage appeared and, over ~8,000 generations, evolved significant reduction of twelve of sixteen traits related to armor, swimming, and diet, relative to its ancestral population. This was greater morphological divergence than we observed between reproductively isolated, benthic-limnetic ecotypes of extant <em>Gasterosteus aculeatus</em>. Therefore, we infer that reproductive isolation was evolving. However, local extinction of low-armoured <em>G. doryssus</em> lineages shows how young isolate populations often disappear, supporting Darwin's explanation for missing evidence and revealing a mechanism behind morphological stasis. Exctinction may also account for limited sustained divergence within the stickleback species complex and help reconcile speciation rate variation observed across time scales.</p>
Baseline glucocorticoids alone do not predict reproductive success across years but in interaction with enzymatic antioxidants
<p>Glucocorticoids are known to adjust organismal functions, such as metabolism, in response to environmental conditions. Therefore, these hormones are thought to play a key role in regulating the metabolically demanding aspects of reproduction, especially in variable environments. However, support for the hypothesis that variation in glucocorticoid concentrations predicts reproductive success is decidedly mixed. Two explanations may account for this discrepancy: a) glucocorticoids might not act independently but could interact with other physiological traits, jointly influencing reproduction, and b) such an association could become apparent primarily in challenging environments when glucocorticoid concentrations increase. To address these two possibilities, we determined natural variation in circulating baseline glucocorticoid concentrations in parental great tits (<em>Parus major</em>) alongside two physiological systems known to be related to an individual's metabolism: oxidative status parameters (i.e., concentrations of pro-oxidants, dietary, and enzymatic antioxidants) and body condition. These systems interact with glucocorticoids and can also influence reproductive success. We measured these variables in two breeding seasons that differed in environmental conditions. When accounting for the interaction of baseline glucocorticoids with other physiological traits, we found a positive relationship between baseline glucocorticoids and the number of fledglings in adult great tits. The strength of this relationship was more pronounced for those individuals who also had high concentrations of the enzymatic antioxidant glutathione peroxidase. When studied independently, glucocorticoids were not related to fitness proxies, even in the year with more challenging environmental conditions. Together, our study lends to support the hypothesis that glucocorticoids do not influence fitness alone, but in association with other physiological systems</p>
Operating diagram of hatching module, this module consists of two clearly separated sections, each consisting of two long tanks (2 × 0.2 × 0.2 m) designed to accommodate hatching boxes, a filtration tank and an independent water circulation pump with a cooling unit and UV sterilizer. This allows simultaneous monitoring of 16 batches of eggs. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of hatching module, this module consists of two clearly separated sections, each consisting of two long tanks (2 × 0.2 × 0.2 m) designed to accommodate hatching boxes, a filtration tank and an independent water circulation pump with a cooling unit and UV sterilizer. This allows simultaneous monitoring of 16 batches of eggs.
Operating diagram of larvae hatching module, this installation was used to determine the optimum larvae load during the rearing process and provided additional space for rearing several thousand larvae. It consists of nine 20-litre tanks with a glass panel along the front. They are fitted with an inlet supplying filtrated water at a rate of 100 l/h and an individual air inlet. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of larvae hatching module, this installation was used to determine the optimum larvae load during the rearing process and provided additional space for rearing several thousand larvae. It consists of nine 20-litre tanks with a glass panel along the front. They are fitted with an inlet supplying filtrated water at a rate of 100 l/h and an individual air inlet.
Operating diagram of hatching module in Zoug jars, this system consists of a 300-litre temperature-controlled isothermal enclosure containing 10 one-litre Zoug jars, each able to accommodate several hundred eggs. An ascending current holds the eggs in suspension and carries the larvae to the surface. Another bottle connected to this device collects the larvae. The water circulating in the jars is independent of that used in the filtration circuit. A cooling unit and UV sterilizer complete the installation. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of hatching module in Zoug jars, this system consists of a 300-litre temperature-controlled isothermal enclosure containing 10 one-litre Zoug jars, each able to accommodate several hundred eggs. An ascending current holds the eggs in suspension and carries the larvae to the surface. Another bottle connected to this device collects the larvae. The water circulating in the jars is independent of that used in the filtration circuit. A cooling unit and UV sterilizer complete the installation.
Operating diagram of IF incubator, two identical incubators were used for eggs that were already sorted. They are made up of an isothermal enclosure and contain three tiers (100 × 60 × 17 cm). The water circulating in each tier comes from the same filtration, cooling and sterilisation device. As a result, the eggs placed in the different tiers are subject to the same temperature regime. in Reproduction of Zingel asper (Linnaeus, 1758) in controlled conditions: an assessment of the experiences realized since 2005 at the Besançon Natural History Museum
Operating diagram of IF incubator, two identical incubators were used for eggs that were already sorted. They are made up of an isothermal enclosure and contain three tiers (100 × 60 × 17 cm). The water circulating in each tier comes from the same filtration, cooling and sterilisation device. As a result, the eggs placed in the different tiers are subject to the same temperature regime.
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