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Fig.ç3.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs. A, B, Paratype, female (ZIHU 3983); C–E, paratype, male (ZIHU 3982). A, General habitus, lateral view; B, neck and segments 1–4, lateral view; C, enlargement of segment 7, lateral view; D, enlargement of segment 9, lateral view; E, enlargement of segments 10 and 11, lateroventral view. Abbreviations: ch, cuticular hair; dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; ldt, laterodorsal tubule; pf, pectinate fringe; po, pore; ps1, penile spine 1; ps2, penile spine 2; ps3, penile spine 3; rss, rounded sensory spot; si, sieve plate; ss, sensory spot. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Fig.ç3.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., scanning electron micrographs. A, B, Paratype, female (ZIHU 3983); C–E, paratype, male (ZIHU 3982). A, General habitus, lateral view; B, neck and segments 1–4, lateral view; C, enlargement of segment 7, lateral view; D, enlargement of segment 9, lateral view; E, enlargement of segments 10 and 11, lateroventral view. Abbreviations: ch, cuticular hair; dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; ldt, laterodorsal tubule; pf, pectinate fringe; po, pore; ps1, penile spine 1; ps2, penile spine 2; ps3, penile spine 3; rss, rounded sensory spot; si, sieve plate; ss, sensory spot.
Fig.ç2.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., camera lucida drawings. A, B, Holotype, male (ZIHU 3976), entire animal, dorsal and ventral view, respectively; C, D, allotype, female (ZIHU 3977), segments 9–11, dorsal and ventral view, respectively. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco1, glandular cell outlet type I; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; ldt, laterodorsal tubule; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvt, lateroventral tubule; mds, middorsal spine; ne, neck; ps, penile spine; rss, rounded sensory spot; si, sieve plate. in A New Brackish-water Species of Echinoderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) from the Seto Inland Sea, Japan
Fig.ç2.Ec hinoderes ohtsukai sp. nov., camera lucida drawings. A, B, Holotype, male (ZIHU 3976), entire animal, dorsal and ventral view, respectively; C, D, allotype, female (ZIHU 3977), segments 9–11, dorsal and ventral view, respectively. Abbreviations: dss, droplet-shaped sensory spot; gco1, glandular cell outlet type I; gco2, modi ed glandular cell outlet type II; ldt, laterodorsal tubule; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvt, lateroventral tubule; mds, middorsal spine; ne, neck; ps, penile spine; rss, rounded sensory spot; si, sieve plate.
Supplementary Material—Evaluating tactile feedback in addition to kinesthetic feedback for haptic shape rendering: a pilot study
<p>Supplementary Material of the journal article: "<a href="https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2024.1298537/abstract">Evaluating tactile feedback in addition to kinesthetic feedback for Haptic Shape rendering: a pilot study</a>": DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/frobt.2024.1298537">10.3389/frobt.2024.1298537</a></p> <p> </p>
Selection shapes the genomic landscape of introgressed ancestry in a pair of sympatric sea urchin species
<p>A growing number of recent studies have demonstrated that introgression is common across the tree of life. However, we still have a limited understanding of the fate and fitness consequence of introgressed variation at the whole-genome scale across diverse taxonomic groups. Here, we implemented a phylogenetic hidden Markov model to identify and characterize introgressed genomic regions in a pair of well-diverged, non-sister sea urchin species: <em>Strongylocentrotus</em> <em>pallidus</em> and <em>S. droebachiensis</em>. Despite the old age of introgression, a sizable fraction of the genome (1% - 5%) exhibited introgressed ancestry, including numerous genes showing signals of historical positive selection that may represent cases of adaptive introgression. One striking result was the overrepresentation of hyalin genes in the identified introgressed regions despite observing considerable overall evidence of selection against introgression. There was a negative correlation between introgression and chromosome gene density, and two chromosomes were observed with considerably reduced introgression. Relative to the non-introgressed genome-wide background, introgressed regions had significantly reduced nucleotide divergence (<em>d</em><sub>XY</sub>) and overlapped fewer protein-coding genes, coding bases, and genes with a history of positive selection. Additionally, genes residing within introgressed regions showed slower rates of evolution (<em>d</em><sub>N</sub>, <em>d</em><sub>S</sub>, <em>d</em><sub>N</sub>/<em>d</em><sub>S</sub>) than random samples of genes without introgressed ancestry. Overall, our findings are consistent with widespread selection against introgressed ancestry across the genome and suggest that slowly evolving, low-divergence genomic regions are more likely to move between species and avoid negative selection following hybridization and introgression.</p>
Hierarchically embedded scales of movement shape the social networks of vampire bats
<p>Social structure can emerge from <em>hierarchically embedded scales of movement</em>, where movement at one scale is constrained within a larger scale (e.g., among branches, trees, forests). In most studies of animal social networks, some scales of movement are unobserved, and the relative importance of the observed scales of movement is unclear. Here, we asked: how does individual variation in movement, at multiple nested spatial scales, influence each individual's social connectedness? Using existing data from common vampire bats (<em>Desmodus rotundus</em>), we created an agent-based model of how three nested scales of movement—among roosts, clusters, and grooming partners—each influence a bat's grooming network centrality. In each of 10 simulations, virtual bats lacking social and spatial preferences moved at each scale at empirically-derived rates that were either fixed or individually variable and either independent or correlated across scales. We found the number of partners groomed per bat was driven more by within-roost movements than by roost switching, highlighting that co-roosting networks do not fully capture bat social structure. Simulations revealed how individual variation in movement at nested spatial scales can cause false discovery and misidentification of preferred social relationships. Our model provides several insights into how nonsocial factors shape social networks.</p>
Spatiotemporally distinct responses to mechanical forces shape the developing seed of Arabidopsis
<p><span>Source Data File related to the manuscript:</span></p> <p><a name="_Hlk141697088"></a><span> </span></p> <p><span>Spatiotemporally distinct responses to mechanical forces</span></p> <p><span>shape the developing seed of Arabidopsis</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span>See Description Dataset file for full description</span></p> <p><span> </span></p>
FIGURE 3 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
FIGURE 3 Mass–standard length (M–LS) relationships (MLR) determined for exercised () and control () Salmo trutta cohorts over 0–32 weeks from treatment initiation. Each cohort included LS00 individuals (n = 6) as a common origin
FIGURE 1 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
FIGURE 1 (a) Landmark positions () on Salmo trutta parr that were digitised twice and then averaged to minimize measurement error. (b) Shape changes associated with principal components (PCs) 1–3. PCs were derived from a between-group PC analysis of Procrustes superimposed landmarks., Consensus shape with numbered landmark positions;, Shape changes associated with each PC. Shape changes are scaled to observed PC scores: Left hand side shape changes (back outlines) are scaled to the minimum value observed across the sample on each respective PC (shown below the image) and right hand side shape changes (black outlines) are scaled to the maximum value observed across the sample on each respective PC. PC1 describes a change in head size, PC2 describes dorso-ventral arching of the body and PC3 describes changes in overall robustness and body depth
Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05) in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
Caudal fin area: body length ratio (A:L 2; mean..) FIGURE 5 CF s S E measured from photographs of Salmo trutta parr at 20 and 32 weeks after exercise treatment initiation. A:L 2 values between the two CF s groups were significantly different (Welch's two sample t- test p <0.05)
F I G U R E 5 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 5 Log–log plot of the relative condition factor (Krel) vs. standard length (cm) calculated from length–weight relationships (LWRs) of the species (a) Argyropelecus affinis, (b) Argyropelecus sladeni, (c) Ceratoscopelus warmingii, (d) Diaphus dumerilii, (e) Electrona risso, (f) Lampanyctus nobilis, (g) Lepidophanes guentheri, (h) Notoscopelus resplendens and (i) Scopelogadus mizolepis (Table 3). Geographic regions are indicated by linetype, symbol and colour (EQ–C, dotted line, dark-blue square; EQ–N, two-dashed line, turquoise triangle; LO–E, solid line, red circle; LO–W, dashed line, violet diamond). If present, vertical dashed grey line indicates breakpoint in the LWR estimated by segmented regression analysis (cf. Table 2)
F I G U R E 1 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 1 Stations in the eastern low-oxygen (LO–E), western low-oxygen (LO–W), northern equatorial (EQ–N) and central equatorial (EQ–C) regions of the eastern tropical North Atlantic sampled in this study
FIGURE 2 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
FIGURE 2 (a) Principal component (PC) () C00, () C04, () C10, () C20, () C32, () E04, () E10, () E20, and () E32 and (b) linear discriminant (LD) scores for Salmo trutta treatment groups (C, control; E, exercise) across experimental weeks (i.e., age 00 (control sample before treatment initiation) to 32 (32 weeks of treatment); n = 6 individuals per group). PC1 and PC3, derived from a between-group PC analysis of Procrustes superimposed landmarks corrected for the arching artefact (PC2). LD1 and LD2, derived from a LD analysis on the corrected principal component scores. Ellipses demarcate 95% confidence intervals; O, group centroids. N.B. The change of direction for head size on LD1 resulting from a negative association with PC1 (see Table 2)
FIGURE 4 in Body shape and robustness response to water flow during development of brown trout Salmo trutta parr
FIGURE 4 Box plots showing median (), 25th–75th percentiles () and range () of Salmo trutta condition at length (KÞ for exercised () and control () Salmo trutta cohorts across the experimental period (i.e., age) weeks 4–32 after treatment initiation (n = 6 per group). *, significant differences of pairwise least-squares means between exercised and control cohorts; different lower-case letters (black, exercise; grey, control) denote significant differences of pairwise least-squares means within treatments across the experimental period
F I G U R E 4 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 4 Distribution of form factor a3.0 for 55 mesopelagic species related to (a) body shape, (b) taxonomic family and (c) species. Form factor calculated from Equation 2 using across-species slope of S = 1.358 based on 1223 fish species presented in equation 17 in Froese (2006)
F I G U R E 3 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 3 Scatter plot of mean log a (SL) over mean b for 55 mesopelagic species with information on body shape. Body shape:, elongated;, fusiform;, short-deep
F I G U R E 2 in Length-weight relationships of 55 mesopelagic fishes from the eastern tropical North Atlantic: Across- and within-species variation (body shape, growth stanza, condition factor)
F I G U R E 2 Frequency distribution of (a) mean log a (binwidth 0.2) and (b) mean exponent b (binwidth 0.1) based on 55 records (measured in centimetres and grams) of mesopelagic species of the eastern tropical North Atlantic during cruise WH383
Does ecology shape geographical parthenogenesis? Evidence from the facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect Megacrania batesii
<p>Closely related sexual and parthenogenetic species often show distinct distribution patterns, known as geographical parthenogenesis. These patterns, characterized by a mosaic of separate sexual and parthenogenetic populations across their natural range, can also be found in facultative parthenogens – species in which every female is capable of both sexual and parthenogenetic reproduction. The underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon in nature remain unclear. Features of the habitat, such as differences in host plant phenotypes or niche breadth, could favour sexual or asexual reproductive modes and thus help to explain geographical parthenogenesis in natural insect populations. <em>Megacrania batesii</em> is a facultatively parthenogenetic stick insect that displays geographical parthenogenesis in the wild. We aimed to explore whether sexual and parthenogenetic populations of <em>M. batesii</em> displayed niche differentiation or variations in niche breadth that could explain the separation of the two population types. To do this, we sampled host plants from across the range of <em>M. batesii</em> and quantified phenotypic traits that might affect palatability or accessibility for <em>M. batesii</em>, including leaf thickness, toughness, spike size and density, height, and chemical composition. We also quantified host plant density, which could affect <em>M. batesii</em> dispersal. We found little evidence of phenotypic differences between host plants supporting sexual versus asexual <em>M. batesii</em> populations, and no difference in host-plant density or niche breadth between the two population types. Our results suggest that habitat parameters do not play a substantial role in shaping patterns of geographical parthenogenesis in wild populations of <em>M. batesii</em>. Instead, population sex ratio variation could result from interactions between the sexes or dispersal dynamics.</p>
Data and code for: Behavioral plasticity shapes participation in a mixed-species flocking community of birds
<p>Behavioral plasticity can modulate the costs and benefits of sociality, and thus may play a prominent role in mediating competition and facilitation during social interactions in mixed-species groups. However, investigations of assembly patterns of mixed-species groups typically treat species' behavioral attributes as static rather than dynamic features that can change in social contexts. We investigate four axes of behavioral plasticity that may modulate interaction within mixed-species groups: 1) species' selective preference for joining certain groups, 2) species' ability to flexibly change their behavior in response to groupmates' behavior, and 3) shifts and/or 4) expansions of species' niche occupancy when foraging with conspecifics versus when foraging with heterospecifics. We assess variation in these axes of behavioral plasticity in an Australian mixed-species avian community. All species had selective preferences for flocks of certain strata, and some flexibly matched their flockmates' foraging strata. Three species exhibited patterns of niche shift, and one species showed niche expansion. These findings suggest that species converge in strata in mixed-species flocks despite the potential for increased competition and emphasize that species can plastically react to changes in their social environment in numerous ways. Acknowledgment of such plasticity is likely integral to understanding the nuances of heterospecific interactions.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling
FIGURE 2. The top images show an overlay of the reduced-asymmetry australopithecine pelvis (beige) with the ADL australopithecine pelvis (dark green). The bottom color-coded distance map pelvis show the distance between the reduced-asymmetry australopithecine pelvis with the ADL australopithecine pelvis.
FIGURE 4 in Achieving kinematic identity across shape diversity in musculoskeletal modeling
FIGURE 4. AnyBody australopithecine musculoskeletal model without (left) and with (right) muscle model visualization.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.