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574 results for “soldier”
Data from: Age-based changes in kairomone response mediate task partitioning in stingless bee soldiers (Tetragonisca angustula)
<p>Collective defense is one of the most ubiquitous behaviors performed by social groups. Because of its importance, complex societies may engage a set of defensive specialists, with physical and/or neurological attributes tuned for defense against specific invaders. These strategies must be balanced, however, with the need to flexibly respond to different threat levels and sources. Insect societies rely heavily on olfaction for detecting and communicating in the context of defense. We therefore asked whether threat detection via olfaction is specialized towards invader-specific cues and how this may be integrated into defense task specialization. Colonies of the stingless bee, <em>Tetragonisca angustula</em>, deploy a morphologically distinct sub-caste of larger-bodied workers (soldiers) for colony defense. These soldiers transition between two different guarding tasks as they age, progressing from guarding in a hovering position near the nest entrance to guarding in a standing position on the nest entrance tube. Hovering and standing guards intercept different types of invaders: primarily heterospecific versus conspecific, respectively. We asked whether hovering and standing guarding behaviors were modulated by differential sensitivity to invader-associated olfactory stimuli; then we compared their responses to these cues to those of smaller workers that perform predominantly non-defense tasks. We exposed bees under both field and lab conditions to citral, a kairomone produced by an obligate heterospecific nest robber, primarily intercepted by hovering guards. Consistent with their roles, hovering guards were more likely to move towards citral than were either standing guards or small-bodied bees within a Y-maze. We also presented guards at field nests with dummies of conspecific versus heterospecific invader types, varying whether they included citral odors. Standing guards were more responsive to conspecific intruder scenarios than hovering guards, but heterospecific response differed by presence of citral. Standing and hovering guards responded in similar proportions when citral was absent, but the addition of citral produced a marginally non-significant reduction in standing guard participation. Our results potentially demonstrate differentiated cue-specific responses that correspond to morphological task specialization and age polyethism in these eusocial societies.</p>
FIGURE 3 in A new Eocene soldier beetle (Cantharidae) of the genus †Cacomorphocerus Schaufuss, 1892 from Baltic amber
FIGURE 3. Cacomorphocerus marki sp. nov. in Baltic amber. A: Holotype, detail of antenna, dorsal view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. B: Holotype, detail of antenna, ventral view, scale bar = 0.5 mm. C: Holotype, detail of pro- and mesothoracic leg, scale bar = 0.5 mm. D: Holotype, detail of metathoracic leg, scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 4 in A new Eocene soldier beetle (Cantharidae) of the genus †Cacomorphocerus Schaufuss, 1892 from Baltic amber
FIGURE 4. Cacomorphocerus marki sp. nov. in Baltic amber. A: Holotype, detail of head, mandibles and palps, ventral view, scale bar = 1.0 mm. B: Holotype, detail of metathoracic leg and last urites, ventral view, scale bar = 1.0 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new Eocene soldier beetle (Cantharidae) of the genus †Cacomorphocerus Schaufuss, 1892 from Baltic amber
FIGURE 2. Cacomorphocerus marki sp. nov. in Baltic amber. A: Holotype, detail of head and pronotum, scale bar = 0.5 mm. B: Holotype, detail of elytral apex, scale bar = 0.5 mm. C: Holotype, detail of head, pronotum and metasternum (ventral view), scale bar = 0.5 mm. D: Holotype, detail of urites, scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new Eocene soldier beetle (Cantharidae) of the genus †Cacomorphocerus Schaufuss, 1892 from Baltic amber
FIGURE 1. Cacomorphocerus marki sp. nov. in Baltic amber. A: Holotype, dorsal view, scale bar = 1.0 mm. B: Holotype, ventral view, scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Soldiers And Sailors Confederate Monument plinth
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Army Soldier - Neues Museum
Scanned using iPhone 7 Plus 4k @ 30 recorded video converted to --> 40 JPGs --> reconstructed using RealityCapture Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
A Victorious Danish Soldier
A Victorious Danish Soldier (1850-1851), Herman Wilhelm Bissen (1798-1868), The National Gallery (Copenhagen, Denmark). Made of 130 pictures with MetaShape from Agisoft. This is a reprocess from all pictures made with Samsung Galaxy S4 very blurry. Quite happy with the final results. Bissen pays homage to the Danish foot soldier from the war 1848-1851, where the Danish government prevented the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein from leaving the Kingdom of Denmark. The sculpture marks the first time in European history that a memorial to military victory did not show a goddess, a general, or a monarch, but a simple, anonymous soldier from the battlefields. Another 3Dscan of this sculpture can be found there: https://skfb.ly/LvwG For more updates, please consider to follow me on Twitter at @GeoffreyMarchal. (https://twitter.com/GeoffreyMarchal) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURES 11. Soldier mandibles. A in A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical termite genera Labiotermes Holmgren and Paracornitermes Emerson (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae)
FIGURES 11. Soldier mandibles. A, Labiotermes brevilabius; B, L. emersoni; C, L. guasu, new species; D, L. labralis; E, L. laticephalus; F, L. leptothrix; G, L. longilabius; H, L. oreadicus, new species; I, L. orthocephalus; J, L. pelliceus. Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 60 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURE 60. Worker digestive tract of Protocapritermes krisiformis. From left to right: dorsal view, right view, ventral view and left view. Mesenteron stippled. Arrows indicate the direction of transit.
FIGURE 59 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURE 59. Worker digestive tract of Protocapritermes odontomachus. From left to right: dorsal view, right view, ventral view and left view. Mesenteron stippled. Arrows indicate the direction of transit.
FIGURE 62 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURE 62. Worker digestive tract of Lophotermes brevicephalus. From left to right: dorsal view, right view, ventral view and left view. Mesenteron stippled. Arrows indicate the direction of transit.
FIGURES 33–36 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURES 33–36. Pericapritermes parvus sp. nov. (type colony): 33, soldier head, dorsal; 34, soldier head, lateral; 35, worker mandibles; 36, enteric valve. Scale bars: 33, 34, 1mm.
FIGURES 45–56 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURES 45–56. Alate. Protocapritermes odontomachus: 45, head; 46, pronotum. Ephelotermes paleatus: 47, head; 48, pronotum. Ephelotermes cheeli: 49, head; 50, pronotum. Lophotermes brevicephalus: 51, head; 52, pronotum. Macrognathotermes errator: 53, head; 54, pronotum. Pericapritermes parvus sp. nov.: 55, head; 56, pronotum. Scale bars: 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 54, 56, 0.2mm; 45, 51, 53, 55, 0.5mm.
FIGURES 41–44 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURES 41–44. Pericapritermes papuanus sp. nov. (type colony): 41, soldier head, dorsal; 42, soldier head, lateral; 43, worker mandibles; 44, enteric valve. Scale bars: 41, 42, 1mm.
FIGURES 21–24 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURES 21–24. Lophotermes brevicephalus: 21, soldier head, dorsal; 22, soldier head, lateral; 23, worker mandibles; 24, enteric valve. Scale bars: 21, 1mm; 22, 0.5mm.
FIGURES 29–32 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURES 29–32. Pericapritermes cf. schultzei (sample from colony #PNGT1231, Bulolo): 29, soldier head, dorsal; 30, soldier head, lateral; 31 worker mandibles; 32, enteric valve. Scale bars: 29, 30, 1mm.
FIGURES 17–20 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURES 17–20. Lophotermes aduncus: 17, soldier head, dorsal; 18, soldier head, lateral; 19, enteric valve; 20, worker mandibles. Scale bars: 17, 18, 0.5mm.
FIGURES 13–16 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURES 13–16. Ephelotermes cheeli: 13, soldier head, dorsal; 14, soldier head, lateral; 15, enteric valve; 16, worker mandibles. Scale bars: 13, 14, 0.5mm.
FIGURES 5–8 in Revision of the Termitinae with snapping soldiers (Isoptera: Termitidae) from New Guinea
FIGURES 5–8. Protocapritermes odontomachus: 5, soldier head, dorsal; 6, soldier head, lateral; 7, enteric valve (4 cushions out of 6); 8, worker mandibles. Scale bars: 5, 0.5mm; 6, 1mm.
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