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Figure 22 in Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

Figure 22. Anterior portion of anal fin of (A) Acestrorhynchus falcatus, MZUSP 4572-91, 119.4-mm standard length (SL), and (B) Acestrorhynchus microlepis, MZUSP 20188, 59.2-mm SL; lateral view, anterior to left. Arrows point to process on proximal radial of seventh anal-fin pterygiophore.

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

Figure 7. Anterior portion of neurocranium of (A) Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, MZUSP 22121, 146.4-mm standard length (SL), (B) Acestrorhynchus pantaneiro, MZUSP 44368, 110.4-mm SL; ventral view, anterior to left. Arrows point to ventral process of vomer.

Figure 15 in Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

Figure 15. First infraorbital of Acestrorhynchus falcatus, MZUSP 4572-91, 119.4-mm standard length; left side, lateral view. Arrow points to first infraorbital process. The process was rotated dorsally for better visualization.

Figure 14 in Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

Figure 14. Infraorbital series: supraorbital and antorbital of (A) Acestrorhynchus britskii, MZUSP 27892, 124.2-mm standard length (SL); (B) Acestrorhynchus falcatus, MZUSP 4572-91, 119.4-mm SL; (C) Acestrorhynchus falcirostris, MZUSP 20592, 113.9-mm SL, (D) Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, INHS 44161, 142.7-mm SL; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Arrows point to lateral branch of the laterosensory canal of the fourth infraorbital.

Figure 17 in Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

Figure 17. Upper jaw of (A) Acestrorhynchus lacustris, MZUSP 54682, 93.3-mm standard length (SL), and (B) Acestrorhynchus nasutus, MZUSP 29268, 67.8-mm SL; left side, lateral view, anterior to left. Left arrow points to third premaxillary canine. Right arrows point to projection on dorsal margin of maxilla.

Figure 18 in Phylogenetic relationships among Acestrorhynchus species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes: Acestrorhynchidae)

Figure 18. Endopterygoid of (A) Acestrorhynchus falcatus, MZUSP 4572-91, 119.4-mm standard length (SL), left side; (B) Acestrorhynchus microlepis, MZUSP 34957, 112.4-mm SL, left side; (C) Acestrorhynchus minimus, MZUSP 34987, 74.6-mm SL, left side; (D) Acestrorhynchus isalineae, MZUSP 25850, 88.6-mm SL, right side; (E) Acestrorhynchus heterolepis, INHS 44161, 142.7-mm SL, left side; medial view, anterior to left.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

FIG. 8. Estimated phylogenetic relationships from a in Fourteen New, Endemic Species Of Shrew (Genus Crocidura) From Sulawesi Reveal A Spectacular Island Radiation

FIG. 8. Estimated phylogenetic relationships from a maximum likelihood analysis of 983 concatenated ultraconserved elements. Samples from Sulawesi are labeled with the species name, locality, and catalog number. Asterisks indicate type specimens from Miller and Hollister (1921). Ultrafast bootstrap values <95 are shown.

Fig. 8 in A New Species Of Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae) From Switzerland, With Discussion Of Its Relationships Within The Genus

Fig. 8. Rhagoletis merzi sp. n. paratypes (SIZK): male (a–с) and female (d–g): a, b — epandrium, hypandrium and surstyli (a — left, b — posterior), c — phallus glans; d — aculeus apex, e — aculeus, f — spermatheca; g — eversible membrane, ventral. Scale: d, f — 0.1 mm, e, g — 0.5 mm.

Fig. 6 in A New Species Of Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae) From Switzerland, With Discussion Of Its Relationships Within The Genus

Fig. 6. Rhagoletis flavigenualis male (a–с) and female (d–g): a, b — epandrium, hypandrium and surstyli (a — left, b — posterior), c — phallus glans; d — aculeus apex, e — aculeus, f — spermatheca; g — eversible membrane, ventral. Scale: d, f — 0.1 mm, e, g — 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in A New Species Of Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae) From Switzerland, With Discussion Of Its Relationships Within The Genus

Fig. 5. Rhagoletis flavigenualis male (a) and female (b–e): a–b — habitus left, c — abdomen dorsal; d — occiput and mesonotum, posterodorsally.

Fig. 7 in A New Species Of Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae) From Switzerland, With Discussion Of Its Relationships Within The Genus

Fig. 7. Rhagoletis merzi sp. n. paratypes (MNHG): male (a–b) and female (c–d): a, c — habitus left, b, d — same, dorsal (photos by Bernard Landry).

Fig. 3 in A New Species Of Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae) From Switzerland, With Discussion Of Its Relationships Within The Genus

Fig. 3. Rhagoletis bagheera paratype male (a, с–e) and female (b, f–h): a — habitus left (abdomen dissected), b — same, dorsal; c, d — epandrium, hypandrium and surstyli (c — left, d — posterior), e — phallus glans; f — aculeus apex, g — ovipositor, h — spermatheca.

Fig. 2 in A New Species Of Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae) From Switzerland, With Discussion Of Its Relationships Within The Genus

Fig. 2. Palearctic species of Rhagoletis species similar to R. merzi, epandrium and surstyli, posterior view (a–c) and spermatheca (d–f): a, d — R. batava; b, e — R. flavigenualis; c, f — R. merzi sp. n.

Fig. 1 in A New Species Of Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae) From Switzerland, With Discussion Of Its Relationships Within The Genus

Fig. 1. Palearctic species of Rhagoletis species similar to R. merzi, wings: a — R. zernyi; b — R. flavigenualis; c — R. merzi, sp. n.; d — R. bagheera; e — R. batava. Bands are marked as follows: A — apical, D — discal, SA — subapical, SB — subbasal. Red arrow shows connection of D and SA; cyan arrow shows cr — crescentic hyaline area. Scale: 1 mm.

Fig. 9 in A New Species Of Rhagoletis (Diptera, Tephritidae) From Switzerland, With Discussion Of Its Relationships Within The Genus

Fig. 9. Bayesian phylogeny of Rhagoletis inferred from an alignment of 4270 bp of five genes (COI, CAD, ribosomal 28S, period and AATS) using MrBayes, and Maximum-Likelihood using MEGA 11. The first number on each branch is the bootstrap support from ML analysis; the second number represents posterior probability from Bayesian inference (BI). Asterisks (*) over branches indicate a Bayesian posterior probability of 1.0 and 100 % bootstrap support for the clade. Dash (- /) means that the clade inferred by MrBayes was not recovered by the ML analysis. Grey background shows position of the "core Nearctic taxa" (Smith et al., 2006). The bold numbers and color rectangles indicate species groups as follows: 1 — alternata group, 2 — cerasi group, 3 — cluster of ferruginea +nova + striatella groups, 4 — meigenii group, 5 — cingulata group, 6 — suavis group, 7 — ribicola group (sensu Bush, 1966), 8 — pomonella group, 9 — tabellaria group, 10 — juniperina group. Abbreviations: NA — Nearctic Region, PA — Palaearctic Region. Inlay shows relationships within the juniperina group.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

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R_JAGS code for estimation and analysis of species-area-relationship (SAR) parameters from NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network) data on plant surveys

Invasive species science is heavily geared toward the invasive agent. However, management to protect native species also requires a proactive approach focused on understanding the features affecting community vulnerability to invasion impacts. Vulnerability is likely the result of factors acting across spatial scales, from local to regional, and it is the combined effects of these factors that will determine the magnitude of vulnerability. We introduce an analytical framework that quantifies the scale-dependent impact of biological invasions from the shape of the native species-area-relationship (SAR). We leverage newly available, biogeographically extensive vegetation data from the US National Ecological Observatory Network to assess plant community vulnerability to invasion impact as a function of factors acting across scales. We analyzed more than 1000 SARs widely distributed across the USA along environmental gradients and under different levels of invasion. Results show that a decrease in native richness is consistently associated with invasive species cover, but it is only at relatively high levels of invasion that native richness is compromised. After accounting for variation in baseline ecosystem diversity, net primary productivity, and human modification, ecoregions that are colder and wetter seem to be most vulnerable to losses of native plant species at the local level, while warmer and wetter areas seem most susceptible at the landscape level. We also document how the combined effects of cross-scale factors result in a heterogenous spatial pattern of vulnerability. This pattern cannot be predicted by analyses at any single scale, underscoring the importance of accounting for factors acting across scales. Simultaneously assessing differences in vulnerability between distinct plant communities at local, landscape and regional scales provided outputs that can be used to inform policy and management aimed at reducing vulnerability to the impact of plant invasions.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Data and code for "Changing allometric relationships among fossil and Recent populations in two colonial species"

MEPS.plus.xlsx (dataset from Di Martino & Liow 2021) Microporella_allometry_22.03.2022.xlsx (Sheet 1: Measurement data; Sheet 2: Fossil sample metadata; Sheet 3: Recent samples metadata) allo.10.R (code)

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Fig. 6 in A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the 'alchorneoids clade'

Fig. 6. Field photographs of Paranecepsia andrafiabensis Barberá & O.Lachenaud sp. nov. a. Staminate inflorescence. b. Pistillate inflorescence. c. Detail of the bract of the pistillate flower. d. Pistillate flower, lateral view. e. Pistillate flower, top view. From Barberá et al. 2799 (a), Barberá et al. 2765 (b–c), Barberá et al. 2771 (d), Barberá et al. 2772 (e). Photos by P. Antilahimena (a) and P. Barberá (b–e).

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Fig. 2 in A new species of Paranecepsia (Euphorbiaceae-Acalyphoideae) from Madagascar and its relationships among the 'alchorneoids clade'

Fig. 2. Distribution of the genus Paranecepsia Radcl.-Sm. in east Africa and Madagascar. Paranecepsia alchorneifolia Radcl.-Sm. (circles), Paranecepsia andrafiabensis Barberá & O.Lachenaud sp. nov. (square).