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FIGURE 10 in Synchrotron micro-CT scanning leads to the discovery of a new genus of morphologically conserved echinoid (Echinodermata: Cassiduloida)

FIGURE 10. SRµCT-based volume renderings of bourrelets from (A–B) Cassidulus briareus sp. nov. (MP 1267 MNHWU [paratype]) and (C–F) Kassandrina malayana comb. nov. (Mortensen, 1948b) (ZMUC 236 [syntype]): (A, C) oral view of test showing the peristome and part of the phyllodes I, III–V; dotted lines indicate region depicted in (B) and (D), i.e., cross section (x – x' axis) of bourrelet 5 on the left, and of phyllode III on the right (the inside of the test is towards the top of the page); (E) frontal cross section (y – y' axis) of test showing depression on bourrelets 2 and 3; and (F) internal view of test showing phyllodes I and V, and basicoronal 5 between them. AMB, ambulacrum; INT, interambulacrum. Scale bars: A–F, 1 mm.

FIGURE 7 in Synchrotron micro-CT scanning leads to the discovery of a new genus of morphologically conserved echinoid (Echinodermata: Cassiduloida)

FIGURE 7. Kassandrina malayana comb. nov. (Mortensen, 1948b) (ZMUC 236 [syntype]): photos of test in (A) aboral and (B) oral view, (C) detail of peristome and phyllodes, and test in (D) side and (E) posterior view. Kassandrina florescens comb. nov. (CASIZ 71853): test in (F) aboral and (G) oral view, and (H) detail of peristome and phyllodes. Scale bars: A–B, D–G, 10 mm; C, H, 5 mm.

FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 in Synchrotron micro-CT scanning leads to the discovery of a new genus of morphologically conserved echinoid (Echinodermata: Cassiduloida)

FIGURE 5. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [A–D, I–L]; CASIZ 112638 [E–G, M]), SEM images: (A–B) juveniles attached to the test; (C) aboral, (D) bourrelet, (E) oral and (F) miliary spines; stalk of (G) large tridentate pedicellariae (detail of projections in H), (I) small tridentate pedicellariae (detail of stereom in J), and of (K) ophicephalous pedicellariae; (L) sphaeridium; and (M) young spine. Scale bars: A–B, M, 100 µm; C–I, 200 µm; K–L, 50 µm.

FIGURE 6. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 in Synchrotron micro-CT scanning leads to the discovery of a new genus of morphologically conserved echinoid (Echinodermata: Cassiduloida)

FIGURE 6. Cassidulus caribaearum Lamarck, 1801 (CASIZ 222205 [neotype] [B–E, J–L]; CASIZ 112638 [A, F–I]), SEM images: valves of (A–B) triphyllous pedicellariae, (C–D) ophicephalous pedicellariae, (E–G) large tridentate pedicellariae ([H] detail of valve head), and (I–K) small tridentate pedicellariae ([L] detail of valve head). Scale bars: A–B, 15 µm; C–D, H, L, 30 µm; E–G, I–K, 100 µm.

FIGURE 7 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 7. SEM image of ossicles of Lipotrapeza purpurata sp. nov. (A–H, WMNH-INV-2015-39; I–P, WMNH-INV-2015- 40). A and I, ossicles of the ventrolateral tentacle; B and J, the ventrolateral skin of peri-oral; C and K, the ventrolateral skin of pharynx; D and L, the ventrolateral skin of introvert; E and M, the pedicel of the abdominal side; F and N, the middle part of the body wall on the abdominal side; G and O, the middle part of the body wall on the dorsal side; H and P, ventrolateral anal papilla.

FIGURE 6 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 6. SEM image of ossicles of Hemiocnus tegulata (Augustin, 1908) comb. nov. (A–I, WMNH-INV-2015-378). A, ossicles of the ventrolateral tentacle; B, the ventrolateral skin of peri-oral; C, the ventrolateral skin of pharynx; D, the ventrolateral skin of introvert; E the pedicel of the abdominal side; F and G, the middle part of the body wall on the abdominal side, and on the dorsal side, respectively; H, extra large ossicles of body wall on the dorsal side; I, the ventrolateral anal papilla.

FIGURE 2 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 2. Elements of calcareous rings, viewed from body cavity, anterior upper. A, Amphicyclus japonicus Bell, 1884 (WMNH-INV-2015-14); B, Neocucumis misakiensis sp. nov. (WMNH-INV-2016-208); C, Pseudocolochirus misakiensis sp. nov. (WMNH-INV-2015-350); D, Hemiocnus tegulatus (Augustin, 1908) comb. nov. (WMNH-INV-2015-379); E, Lipotrapeza purpurata sp. nov. (WMNH-INV-2015-39); Pentamera misakiensis sp. nov. (WMNH-INV-2015-34); Pseudoplacothuria ohshimai (Liao, 1997) gen. nov., comb. nov. (WMNH-INV-2015-9). Abbreviations: ld, left-dorsal part; lv, left-ventral part; md, mid-dorsal part; mv, mid-ventral part; rd, right-dorsal part; rv, right-ventral part; -ir, inter radial element; -r, radial element.

FIGURE 1 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 1. Lateral views of the specimens, dorsal upper, anterior left. A, Amphicyclus japonicus Bell, 1884, (a) WMNH-INV- 2015-13, (b) -2015-14, (c) -2015-311, (d) -2015-312; B, Neocucumis misakiensis sp. nov., (e) WMNH-INV-2016-208, (f) - 2016-209; C, Pseudocolochirus misakiensis sp. nov., (g) WMNH-INV-2015-348, (h) -2015-349, (i) -2015-350; D, Hemiocnus tegulatus (Augustin, 1908) comb. nov., (j) WMNH-INV-2015-378, (k) -2015-379; E, Lipotrapeza purpurata sp. nov., (l) WMNH-INV-2015-38, (m) -2015-39, (n) -2015-40; F, Pentamera misakiensis sp. nov., (o) WMNH-INV-2015-34, (p) -2015- 35, (q) -2015-36; G, Pseudoplacothuria ohshimai (Liao, 1997) gen. nov., comb. nov., (r) WMNH-INV-2015-9, (s) -2015-10.

FIGURE 9 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 9. SEM image of ossicles of Pseudoplacothuria ohshimai (Liao, 1997) gen. nov., comb. nov. (A–J, WMNH-INV- 2015-9). A, ossicles of the ventrolateral tentacle; B, the ventrolateral skin of peri-oral; C, the ventrolateral skin of pharynx; D, the ventrolateral skin of introvert; E the pedicel of the abdominal side; F and G, the middle part of the body wall on the abdominal side, and on the dorsal side, respectively; H, extra large ossicles of body wall on the dorsal side; I, the ventrolateral anal papilla; J, the gonad tubles.

FIGURE 8 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 8. SEM image of ossicles of Pentamera misakiensis sp. nov. (A–H, WMNH-INV-2015-34). A, ossicles of the ventrolateral tentacle; B, the ventrolateral skin of peri-oral; C, the ventrolateral skin of pharynx; D, the ventrolateral skin of introvert; E the pedicel of the abdominal side; F and G, the middle part of the body wall on the abdominal side, and on the dorsal side, respectively; H, ventrolateral anal papilla.

FIGURE 4 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 4. SEM image of ossicles of Neocucumis misakiensis sp. nov. (A–H, WMNH-INV-2016-208). A, ossicles of the ventrolateral tentacle; B, the ventrolateral skin of peri-oral; C, the ventrolateral skin of pharynx; D, the ventrolateral skin of introvert; E the pedicel of the abdominal side; F and G, the middle part of the body wall on the abdominal side, and on the dorsal side, respectively; H, ventrolateral anal papilla.

FIGURE 3 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 3. SEM image of ossicles of Amphicyclus japonicus Bell, 1884 (A–E, WMNH-INV-2015-14). A, ossicles of the ventrolateral tentacle; B, the ventrolateral skin of pharynx; C, the ventrolateral skin of introvert; D, the pedicel of the abdominal side; E, ventrolateral anal papilla.

FIGURE 5 in Dendrochirotid holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Dendrochirotida) including four new species, from off Misaki, Japan

FIGURE 5. SEM image of ossicles of Pseudocolochirus misakiensis sp. nov. (A–G, WMNH-INV-2015-350). A, ossicles of the ventrolateral tentacle; B, the ventrolateral skin of peri-oral; C, the ventrolateral skin of pharynx; D, the ventrolateral skin of introvert; E the pedicel of the abdominal side; F and G, the middle part of the body wall on the abdominal side, and on the dorsal side, respectively; H, the ventrolateral anal papilla.

FIGURE 6 in A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae)

FIGURE 6. Dougaloplus echinatus (Ljungman, 1867) (RUMF-ZE-02040). SEM images of ossicles. A, B, dorsal arm plates, external views, from proximal (A) and distal portion of arm (B); C, D, ventral arm plates, external views from proximal (C) and distal portion of arm (D). E–H, lateral arm plates, from proximal portion of arms, inner view (E), external view (F), distal view (G) and, arm spine articulations (H); I–K, lateral arm plates, from distal portion of arm, inner view (I), external view (J) and distal view (K); L, M, arm spines from proximal portion of arm, middle (L) and aboral most (M); N, arm spine from distal portion of arm. Orientations: ab, aboral side; dis, distal side; o, oral side; pro, proximal side. Abbreviations: DL, dorsal lobe; E, elevated structure; P, perforation; VL, ventral lobe.

FIGURE 4 in A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae)

FIGURE 4. Dougaloplus echinatus (Ljungman 1867) (RUMF-ZE-02040), disc cast off. A, aboral disc; B, aboral periphery of the disc; C, aboral central disc; D, aboral region, lacking disc integment; E, oral disc and proximal portion of arms; F, interradial oral disc. Abbreviations: ASH, adoral shield; IP, infradental papillae; OS, oral shield; P, oral papillae; T, tooth.

FIGURE 9 in A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae)

FIGURE 9. Aboral views of living specimens. A, Ophiolepis superba H. L. Clark, 1915 (RUMF-ZE-02063); B, Ophiozonella cavernalis Okanishi & Fujita, 2018a (RUMF-ZE-02064); C, Ophiostriatus sexradiatus irimura, 1993 (RUMF-ZE-02067); D, Ophiocoma pusilla (Brock, 1888) (RUMF-ZE-02083); E, Cryptopelta cf. callista H. L. Clark, 1938 (RUMF-ZE-02068); F, Ophiarachnella gorgonia Müller & Troschel, 1842 (RUMF-ZE-02073); G, Ophiopsammus anchista (H. L. Clark, 1911) (RUMF-ZE-02079); H, Ophiarachna mauritiensis de Loriol, 1893a (RUMF-ZE-02070).

FIGURE 5 in A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae)

FIGURE 5. Dougaloplus echinatus (Ljungman, 1867) (RUMF-ZE-02040). A, oral proximal portion of arm B, oral middle portion of arm; C, oral distal tip of arm; D, aboral proximal portion of arm; E, aboral distal tip of arm; F, lateral middle portion of arm. Abbreviation: AS, arm spine; TS, tentacle scale.

FIGURE 2. Amphioplus aff. causatus Koheler, 1905 in A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae)

FIGURE 2. Amphioplus aff. causatus Koheler, 1905 (RUMF-ZE-02039]). A, aboral view; B, oral view; C, aboral disc and proximal portion of arms; D, oral disc and proximal portion of arms.

FIGURE 8 in A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae)

FIGURE 8. Aboral views of living specimens. A, Ophiothrix purpurea von Martens, 1867 (RUMF-ZE-02042); B, Ophiothrix aff. picteti (RUMF-ZE-02044); C, Ophionereis dubia amoyensis A. M. Clark, 1953 (RUMF-ZE-02046); D, Ophionereis fusca Brock, 1888 (RUMF-ZE-02049); E, Ophionereis porrecta Lyman, 1860 (RUMF-ZE-02054); F, Ophionereis tigris H. L. Clark, 1938 (RUMF-ZE-02045); G, Ophiolepis cavitata Okanishi & Fujita, 2018a (RUMF-ZE-02059); H, Ophiolepis cincta Müller & Troschel, 1842 (RUMF-ZE-02058).

FIGURE 7 in A comprehensive taxonomic list of brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea) from submarine caves of the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan, with a description of a rare species, Dougaloplus echinatus (Amphiuridae)

FIGURE 7. Dougaloplus echinatus (Ljungman, 1867) (RUMF-ZE-02040). SEM images of vertebrae. A–D, vertebrae, from proximal portion of the arm, proximal view (A), distal view (B), aboral view (C) and oral view (D); E–H, vertebrae, from distal portion of the arm, proximal view (E), distal view (F), aboral view (G) and oral view (H). Orientations: ab, aboral side; dis, distal side; o, oral side; pro, proximal side. Abbreviations: AF, aboral muscle flange; DT, depression for tentacle; H, holes; OF, oral muscle flange; RWC, radial water canal.