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FIGURE 7 in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 7.—Pantoporia bieti aurantina Monastyrskii & To, subspec. nov. A–B—♀HT, central Vietnam, Gia Lai province, Kon Ka Kinh N.P.; C–D—P. b. paona Tytler, 1915, Type, ♀, Kirbari, Naga Hills; E–F—P. b. bieti (Oberthür, 1894), Type, ♂, western China, Ta-Tsien-Lou

FIGURE 3. A–B in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 3. A–B: Female genitalia of Delias sanaca perspicua Fruhstorfer (southern China); C–D: Female genitalia of Delias berinda adelma Mitis (central China). A, C—a part of bursae copulatrix with signum; B, D—genitalia in ventral view: Db— ductus bursae; Ds—ductus seminalis; Si—signum; St—sterigma; Lp—lamella postvaginalis; Ap—apophysis posterior; Pa— papilla analis (with permission of Dr. Shao-ji Hu)

FIGURE 1 in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 1. Delias sanaca bidoupa Monastyrskii & Vu subspec. nov. A–B—HT♀, central Vietnam, Lam Dong province, Bi Doup N.P.; C–D—PT♀; upperside on the left; underside on the right

FIGURE 5 in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 5. Abrota ganga pulcheria Monastyrskii & Vu, subspec. nov.: A–B—HT♂: central Vietnam, Gia Lai province, Kon Chu Rang N.R.; C–D PT ♀, same locality and date as in HT.

FIGURE 6 in New taxa and new records of butterflies from Vietnam (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea)

FIGURE 6. Postdiscal band on the forewing in the male of: A–B—Bassarona recta consonensis Monastyrskii & Vu subspec. nov.—HT♂, Con Son Is. (southern Vietnam); C–D—B. recta monilis Moore; Cat Tien N.P. (southern Vietnam, Dong Nai province); postdiscal band on the forewing in the female of: E–F—Bassarona recta consonensis Monastyrskii & Vu subspec. nov.—PT♀, Con Son Is. (southern Vietnam); G–H—B. recta monilis Moore; Cat Tien N.P. (southern Vietnam, Dong Nai province)

FIGURE 1 in A new species of satyrine butterfly from Patagonia in more than a century and revisional notes on the genus Faunula C. Felder & R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

FIGURE 1. Adults (left: dorsum; right: venter). A. Faunula dubii: male Holotype; B. Faunula dubii: female Paratype; C. Chillanella stelligera male; D. Faunula patagonica male; E. Faunula eleates male; F. Faunula leucoglene male; G. Faunula euripides male, individual form; H. Faunula euripides male, individual form.

FIGURE 3. Female genitalia. A in A new species of satyrine butterfly from Patagonia in more than a century and revisional notes on the genus Faunula C. Felder & R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

FIGURE 3. Female genitalia. A. Faunula dubii: 1. ventral view, 2. bursa copulatrix (magnified) in ventral view, 3. lateral view, 4. Papillae anales (magnified) in lateral view. B1. Faunula dubii male in type locality; B2. habitat in type locality, Gallegos Chico (photos: D. Benyamini).

FIGURE 2. Male genitalia. A in A new species of satyrine butterfly from Patagonia in more than a century and revisional notes on the genus Faunula C. Felder & R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

FIGURE 2. Male genitalia. A. Faunula dubii: 1. dorsal view, 2. lateral view, 3. valva in lateral view, 4. aedeagus in lateral view, 5. aedeagus in dorsal view; B. Faunula eleates, in lateral view, aedeagus extracted; C. Faunula leucoglene, in lateral view, aedeagus extracted, D. Faunula euripides, in lateral view, aedeagus extracted; E. Faunula patagonica, in lateral view, aedeagus extracted

FIGURE 2 in A new iridescent " elfin " butterfly species of Podanotum (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Colombian Andes

FIGURE 2. Genital structures of Podanotum pulsar sp. n. A, Male genitalia in lateral view; B, Male genitalia in ventral view (penis removed); C, penis in ventral view (arrow points external penis tip); D, female genitalia, ductus bursae and signa. (LP, lamella postvaginalis; pd, posterior ductus bursae; ad, anterior ductus bursae; sg, signa).

FIGURE 1. Adults. A, B Holotype male P. p u l s a r n in A new iridescent " elfin " butterfly species of Podanotum (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini) from the Colombian Andes

FIGURE 1. Adults. A, B Holotype male P. p u l s a r n. sp.; C, D Paratype female P. pulsar n. sp; E, F female P. glorissimum, Peru.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data for: Aridity and chronic anthropogenic disturbance as organizing forces of fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in a Caatinga dry forest

Anthropogenic disturbances and climate change are expected to reorganize biodiversity on multiple ecological levels from populations to ecosystems, especially in arid and semiarid regions due to environmental filtering imposed by water stress. This paper examines the individual and combined effects of chronic anthropogenic disturbance and increased aridity on the structure of fruit-feeding butterfly assemblages in a human-modified landscape of Caatinga dry forest, in the northeast of Brazil. Butterflies were recorded monthly across old-growth forest stands and their assemblages were described in terms of taxonomic and functional community-level attributes confronted with different levels of chronic disturbance and aridity. Butterfly assemblages were species-poor but had high species replacement (turnover) along both the chronic disturbance and aridity gradients. We observed a negative effect of aridity on the alpha and beta diversity of butterfly assemblages. Butterfly assemblages across forest stands exposed to high levels of chronic disturbance and aridity had a nested structure. Functional diversity (Rao's Q) and the community-weighted means (CWM) of ocellus-bearing species and monocot-feeding larvae were negatively and positively affected by increased aridity and chronic disturbance, respectively. Our findings suggest that aridity and its combination with chronic disturbance have a drastic effect on the structure of butterfly assemblages in the Caatinga dry forest. These findings highlight that rainfall and chronic disturbances as major drivers of biological reorganization in human-modified landscapes. As aridity increases, Caatinga tends to support taxonomically and functionally impoverished and highly distorted assemblages.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Butterfly species list of the Parque Estadual Intervales and surroundings

Butterfly list of the Parque Estadual Intervales, São Paulo, Brazil and surroundings, with 312 species. It is part of the manuscript "The butterflies (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) of the Parque Estadual Intervales and surroundings, São Paulo, Brazil" - submitted to Biota Neotropica. All details can be found in the manuscript. This publication is redundant with https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7429126 (that contains only the "Butteflies of Intervales.xls" file, with description in Portuguese) and https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7439430 (that contains only the "readme.txt" file).

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Patterns of morphological variation highlight the effect of natural selection on eyespots modularity in the butterfly Morpho telemachus - Dataset

Morphological correlations can stem from developmental constraints but also from selective pressures. Butterfly eyespots are repeated wing color pattern elements, widespread across species. As developmental serial homologues, they are controlled by similar developmental pathways imposing correlations among eyespots: selection on a single eyespot may induce correlated responses in all eyespots. We study the variations in the ventral eyespots of Morpho telemachus, where two different selective regimes are likely to act: while most eyespots are always-visible, two eyespots are conditionally-displayed: hidden at rest, they can be exposed when the butterflies are threatened, or during sexual interactions. We investigate how such contrasted selection across eyespots can alter the covariations imposed by their shared developmental origin. We quantified eyespots' co-variations within a large population of M. telemachus and compared the observed patterns to those found in M. helenor, where all eyespots are always-visible and thus probably affected by a similar selection regime. We found that M. telemachus conditionally-displayed eyespots are less variable than always-visible eyespots and that these two eyespots form a separate variational module in this species, in contrast to M. helenor. Our results suggest that eyespots' covariations were shaped by selection, highlighting how natural selection may promote the evolution of modularity.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

The influence of ultraviolet reflectance differs between conspicuous aposematic signals in neotropical butterflies and poison frogs

Warning signals are often characterized by highly contrasting, distinctive and memorable colors. Both chromatic (hue) and achromatic (brightness) contrast contribute to signal efficacy, making longwave colored signals (red and yellow) that generate both chromatic and achromatic contrast common. Shortwave colors (blue and ultraviolet) do not contribute to luminance perception, yet are also common in warning signals. The presence of UV aposematic signals is paradoxical as UV perception is not universal, and evidence for its utility is at best mixed. We used visual modeling to quantify how UV affects signal contrast in aposematic butterflies and frogs. We found that UV only appreciably affected visual contrast in the butterflies. As the butterflies, but not the frogs, have UV-sensitive vision these results support the notion that UV reflectance is associated with intraspecific communication, but appears to be non-functional in frogs. Consequently, we should be careful when assigning a selection-based benefit from UV reflectance.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Explosive Cenozoic origin and diversity-dependent diversification dynamics shaped the evolution of Australian skipper butterflies

Australia was predominantly tropical for most of the early Cenozoic, then transitioned to a cooler and drier climate in the Oligocene. In response to this increasing aridity, some lineages adapted to more xeric ecosystems, contracted, or became restricted to increasingly fragmented mesic refugia, or went extinct. Yet, the lack of macroevolutionary studies at a continental scale precludes a better understanding of Australian biodiversity patterns and processes during the Cenozoic. Here, we infer a robust dated phylogenomic tree for a radiation of Australian endemic butterflies, the Trapezitinae skippers, to test the impact of biotic and abiotic drivers on Cenozoic diversification dynamics in Australia. These butterflies originated during the Eocene (ca. 42 Ma) in the mesic biome of Australia. Trapezitinae exploded in diversity during a cool, dry period in the late Oligocene and early Miocene, then experienced a sharp deceleration in speciation. Xeric ecosystems appear to have been colonized more recently, supporting the hypothesis of arid and semi-arid biomes as evolutionary sinks. Temperature-dependent and phytophagy-dependent diversification models received little support. Instead, we find evidence for diversity-dependent processes with a declining diversification in Trapezitinae likely linked to limited ecological opportunities following a rapid initial burst of diversification.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Butterfly nectar foraging and flowering plant community data from field surveys in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada

The negative impacts of non-native species have been well documented, but some non-natives can play a positive role in native ecosystems. One way that non-native plants can positively interact with native butterflies is by provisioning nectar. Relatively little is known about the role of phenology in determining native butterfly visitation to non-native plants for nectar, yet flowering time directly controls nectar availability. Here, we investigate the phenological patterns of flowering by native and non-native plants and nectar foraging by native butterflies in an oak savanna on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We also test whether native butterflies select nectar sources in proportion to their availability. We found that non-native plants were well integrated into butterfly nectar diets (83% of foraging observations) and that visitation to non-natives increased later in the season when native plants were no longer flowering. We also found that butterflies selected non-native flowers more often than expected based on their availability, suggesting that these plants represent a potentially valuable resource. Our study shows that non-native species have the potential to drive key species interactions in seasonal ecosystems. Management regimes focused on eradicating non-native species may need to re-consider their aims and evaluate resources that non-natives provide.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Data for: Combining target enrichment and Sanger sequencing data to clarify the systematics of the diverse Neotropical butterfly subtribe Euptychiina (Satyrinae, Nymphalidae)

The diverse, largely Neotropical subtribe Euptychiina (Satyrinae, Nymphalidae) is widely regarded as one of the most taxonomically challenging groups among all butterflies. Over the last two decades, morphological and molecular studies have revealed widespread paraphyly and polyphyly among genera, and a comprehensive, robust phylogenetic hypothesis is needed to build a firm generic classification to support ongoing taxonomic revisions at the species level. Here, we generated a dataset which includes sequences for up to nine nuclear genes and the mitochondrial COI 'barcode' for a total of 1280 specimens representing 449 described and undescribed species of Euptychiina and 39 outgroups, resulting in the most complete phylogeny for the subtribe to date. In combination with a recently developed genomic backbone tree this dataset resulted in a topology with strong support for most branches.

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Palma L, Vasconcelos S, Palmeirim AF, Cancela JP (2023) History of colonisation and updated distribution of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its hostplants in mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.89665

Summary of occurrence and colonisation records of the monarch butterfly and its hostplants in the Iberian Peninsula

opencc-zeroMar 2023View details →

Supplementary material 3 from: Palma L, Vasconcelos S, Palmeirim AF, Cancela JP (2023) History of colonisation and updated distribution of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its hostplants in mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.89665

Frequencies (%) of hostplant patch size classes arranged in geometric progression (2× ratio) (N patches = 78)