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Fig. 12. A in Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision

Fig. 12. A partial view of the strict consensus, updated with the new taxonomy for the tribes Hylini

Fig. 4. A in Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision

Fig. 4. A partial view of the strict consensus showing the relationships of the South American II clade and its correspondence with the currently recognized species groups. Numbers above nodes are Bremer support values. Numbers below nodes are Parsimony Jackknife absolute frequencies; those with an asterisk (*) have a 100% frequency. Numbers in boldfaced italic are node numbers for the list of morphological synapomorphies (see appendix 3). Black circles denote nodes that are present in the quick consensus estimation. The arrow shows alternative placement of the (Scarthyla 1 (Lysapsus 1 Pseudis)) clade when using the 3:1:2 weighting scheme (see text).

Fig. 10. A in Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision

Fig. 10. A partial view of the strict consensus, updated with the new taxonomy for the tribe Cophomantini.

Fig. 9. A in Systematic Review Of The Frog Family Hylidae, With Special Reference To Hylinae: Phylogenetic Analysis And Taxonomic Revision

Fig. 9. A partial view of the strict consensus, updated with the new taxonomy for Phyllomedusinae proposed here.

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Figs. 1–2 in Taxonomic revision of the New World species of the genus Oosternum Sharp (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae) II. The Oosternum convexum species group

Figs. 1–2. Habitus of Oosternum convexum sp. nov.: 1 – dorsal view, 2 – lateral view. Body length: 1.75 mm.

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Figs. 17–23 in Taxonomic revision of the New World species of the genus Oosternum Sharp (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae) II. The Oosternum convexum species group

Figs. 17–23. Differential characters of species of Oosternum convexum group. 17–18 – mentum; 19–21 – meso- and metaventrite (arrow: different shapes of lateral part of anterolateral ridge of metaventrite); 22–23 – right elytron (arrow: elytral interval 3). 18, 20, 22–23 – O. convexum sp. nov.; 19, 22 – O. simplex sp. nov.; 20 – O. intermedium sp. nov.

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Figs. 3–8. Aedeagophores. 3, 5, 7 in Taxonomic revision of the New World species of the genus Oosternum Sharp (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Sphaeridiinae) II. The Oosternum convexum species group

Figs. 3–8. Aedeagophores. 3, 5, 7 – whole aedeagus; 4, 6, 8 – detail of apical portions of parameres and median lobe. 3–4 – Oosternum simplex sp. nov.; 5–6 – O. intermedium sp. nov.; 7–8 – O. convexum sp. nov.

FIG. 5 in Taxonomic revision of therocephalians (Therapsida: Theriodontia) from the Lower Triassic of Antarctica

FIG. 5. (A) AMNH FARB 9548, Baurioidea indet., crushed skull and lower jaw in ventral view, with associated postcrania. Abbreviations: C1, first upper canine; C2, second upper canine; PC1, root of first upper postcanine tooth; PC6?, root of possible sixth upper postcanine tooth. (B) AMNH FARB 9525, Baurioidea indet., partial skull and lower jaw in right lateral view. Abbreviations: c, impression of lower canine; C, root of upper canine; I?, root of possible upper incisor. Numbers refer to apomorphies listed in table 1. Scale bars = 10 mm.

FIG. 3. AMNH FARB 9550 in Taxonomic revision of therocephalians (Therapsida: Theriodontia) from the Lower Triassic of Antarctica

FIG. 3. AMNH FARB 9550, Eutherocephalia indet., partially articulated posterior skeleton in ventral view. Numbers refer to apomorphies listed in table 1. Gray areas indicate impression. Abbreviations: tr. int.: internal trochanter; tr. maj.: trochanter major; vert. l.: lumbar vertebrae; vert. s.: sacral vertebrae. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIG. 2 in Taxonomic revision of therocephalians (Therapsida: Theriodontia) from the Lower Triassic of Antarctica

FIG. 2. Consensus cladogram summarizing the results of several recent analyses of therocephalian relationships (Hopson and Barghusen, 1986; van den Heever, 1994; Botha et al., 2007; Abdala, 2007; Huttenlocker, 2009; Huttenlocker et al., 2011). Numbers in parentheses indicate apomorphies observable in the studied specimens and listed in table 1.

FIG. 1 in Taxonomic revision of therocephalians (Therapsida: Theriodontia) from the Lower Triassic of Antarctica

FIG. 1. Geology and geography of the Permo-Triassic vertebrate-bearing localities in the vicinity of the Beardmore and Shackleton glaciers, central Transantarctic Mountains. Star indicates position of therocephalian localities (Kitching Ridge, Halfmoon Bluff, Thrinaxodon Col) in the lower Fremouw Formation of Cumulus Hills, Shackleton Glacier region (inset). Gray areas represent exposures of the Buckley Formation; striped areas represent exposures of the Fremouw Formation; hatched areas represent igneous intrusions or metamorphic pre-Devonian basement; dotted areas represent surficial cover. Scale bars are in kilometers. (Map modified from Axsmith et al., 2000 and Collinson et al., 2006.)

FIG. 6. AMNH FARB 9542 in Taxonomic revision of therocephalians (Therapsida: Theriodontia) from the Lower Triassic of Antarctica

FIG. 6. AMNH FARB 9542, cf. Ericiolacerta parva, isolated pterygoid in ventral view. Numbers refer to apomorphies listed in table 1. Abbreviation: cr. v.-int. Pt, intermediate ventral crest of pterygoid. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIG. 7. AMNH FARB 9542 in Taxonomic revision of therocephalians (Therapsida: Theriodontia) from the Lower Triassic of Antarctica

FIG. 7. AMNH FARB 9542, cf. Ericiolacerta parva, isolated left dentary in lateral view. Numbers refer to apomorphies listed in table 1. Abbreviations: i1, root of first lower incisor; i2, root of second lower incisor; pc1?, possible first lower postcanine tooth; pc6?, possible sixth lower postcanine tooth. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 49 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 49. Optimization of absence (gray) and presence (black) of dermal spines (A, three steps) and of the amount of webbing in males (B, four steps) of Chiasmocleis. Optimizations of both characters required three and four steps, respectively for dermal spines and amount of webbing. Presence of spines is the plesiomorphic state, and they were lost three times independently, while the absence of webbing is the plesiomorphic state and it appears four times independently. Taxonomy updated to the one proposed in the present work. Chiasmocleis devriesi is nested within C. anatipes and is not shown.

Fig. 50 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 50. Optimization of absence (gray) and presence (black) of the femoral line in Chiasmocleis. Four equally parsimonious alternative explanations, with four steps each. Scenario (A) shows a single appearance of the femoral line, with three reversals; scenarios (B) and (C) depicts alternative scenarios, involving appearances and reversals to absence; scenario (D) postulates four independent appearances of the femoral line. Taxonomy updated to the one proposed in the present work. Chiasmocleis devriesi is nested within C. anatipes and is not shown.

Fig. 48 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 48. Advertisement call of Chiasmocleis royi. (A) Oscillogram and (B) spectrogram of a series of nine consecutive notes emitted by a calling male from the type locality, at Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru; recorded on 12 December 1990, at 23.4° C air temperature (USNM 343268, paratype; recorded by R.B. Cocroft; recording number USNM tape 269, cut 13).

Fig. 46 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 46. Holotype of Chiasmocleis royi, sp. nov. (USNM 343266), in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 20.6 mm.

Fig. 45 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 45. Holotype of Chiasmocleis papachibe, sp. nov. (MPEG 30683), in (A) dorsal and (B) ventral views. SVL 5 24.8 mm.

Fig. 44 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 44. Advertisement call of Chiasmocleis haddadi. (A) Oscillogram and (B) spectrogram of two consecutive multipulsed notes. Recorded at the type locality, Montagne Kotika, French Guiana (recording number FNJV 30718).

Fig. 47 in Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species

Fig. 47. Variation of ventral color pattern in Chiasmocleis royi, sp. nov. (A) Male, from Parque Ambiental Chico Mendes, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (UFAC-RB 3539). (B) Male, paratype, from Puerto Maldonado, Madre de Dios, Peru (USNM 343268, paratype). (C–D) Females, Guajará-Mirim, Rondônia, Brazil (CHUNB 23547, 25555, respectively).