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FIG. 2. — A-E in Triconodont mammals from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India

FIG. 2. — A-E, left lower molar, holotype (VPL/JU/KM/13); A, lingual view; B, labial view; C, occlusal view; D, posterior view; E, anterior view; F, G, Triconodonta indet., fragmentary left lower molar (VPL/JU/KM/15); F, labial view; G, lingual view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

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FIG. 4 in Triconodont mammals from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India

FIG. 4. — SEM photomicrographs of Paikasigudodon yadagirii (Prasad & Manhas, 1997) n. comb., left upper molar, holotype (VPL/JU/KM/10); A, posterior view; B, labial view; C, occlusal view; D, lingual view; E, anterior view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

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FIG. 3. — A-E, Dyskritodon indicus n in Triconodont mammals from the Jurassic Kota Formation of India

FIG. 3. — A-E, Dyskritodon indicus n. sp., left lower molar, holotype (VPL/JU/KM/13); A, lingual view; B, labial view; C, posterior view; D, anterior view; E, occlusal view; F, G, Triconodonta indet., fragmentary left lower molar (VPL/JU/KM/15); F, lingual view; G, labial view. Abbreviations: a-f, cusps a-f; licc, lingual cingular cuspule;?w. f.,?wear facet. Hatched areas represent wear facets and crossed hatching demarcates broken areas in all figures. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 12 in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 12. — Geological evolution of the southern part of the Çankırı-Çorum Basin (ÇÇB); A, the large ÇÇB in Palaeogene (see Figure 1 for location); B, the southern part uplifted and the ÇÇB was diminished during early-middle Miocene; C, because of a horst-graben system, a sub-basin in which the AkkaSdağı Formation began to form developed in late Miocene, X-X' is section line; D, a cross section (X-X') for positions of the sub-basin and the main ÇÇB. Figure not to scale.

FIG. 10. — A in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 10. — A generalized vertical arrangement of facies associations (FA) through the AkkaSdağı Formation (280 m thick), note the upper part is made up by river deposits. Abbreviations: B, bedrocks; Q, Quaternary.

FIG. 11 in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 11. — Areal distribution of the facies associations, to be compared with Figure 2. Lacustrine deposits (facies association III) are very close to the bedrock in the south. Arrows show possible sediment transport directions.

FIG. 9. — Facies E in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 9. — Facies E (tuff); A, sharp base boundary of the facies with claystones at measured section AK-1, scours are artificial; B, the massive nature of the tuff, the uppermost 1 m layer (dashed) contains mammal fossils. Picture is from AK-2. Geologists at right are digging for fossils. Scale: A, visible part of the hammer is 30 cm.

FIG. 8. — A, contact between facies C in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 8. — A, contact between facies C (limestone) and D (claystone) beds, hammer is 35 cm for scale; B, thick bedded and travertine-like texture of the limestones, lens cap in the circle is scale; C, horizontal field position of limestones covered by red mudstones of facies A at Killik Tepe (measured section AK-3); D, thin bedded and nodular natures of the limestones, hammer is 35 cm for scale.

FIG. 7 in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 7. — Close-up of the facies B (sandstones) at a road cut near Merdanali village (between 70-87 m of section AK-5; see Figure 6). Some beds of the facies are unconsolidated and cross-stratified. Dark dots on the exposure are nest holes of birds.

FIG. 4 in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 4. — Shematic topographies of the measured sections. Thickness of the facies has been calculated by graphic method from the relat- ed profiles. Numbers show surface dip (degree), length (m) and coordinates as Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and grid systems.

FIG. 6 in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 6. — Details of the measured sections. Columns at right show the dominance of the facies throughout the successions.

FIG. 3 in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 3. — Generalized stratigraphy of the Kaman-Keskin area. Names of the lithostratigraphic units are from previous studies mostly from Birgili et al. (1975).

FIG. 1 in Stratigraphy and sedimentology of Neogene mammal bearing deposits in the Akkașdağı area, Turkey

FIG. 1. — Primary geological elements of Central Anatolia and location of the study area; 1, Tertiary sedimentary basins; 2, Rodop- Pontid block; 3, Sakarya continent; 4, Galatian volcanic complex; 5, Ophiolitic melange; 6, KırSehir continent; 7, Taurus block (see text for details). A, Ankara; Ç, Çorum (map modified from Karadenizli 1999).

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Fig. 10. A–D in Gomphos elkema (Glires, Mammalia) from the Erlian Basin: Evidence for the Early Tertiary Bumbanian Land Mammal Age in Nei-Mongol, China

Fig. 10. A–D, Proximal, distal, medial, and lateral views of the right navicular of Gomphos elkema (IVPP V13510.4). Abbreviations: AN, astragalonavicular facet on navicular; napp, plantar process of navicular; NCs, articular facet for cuneiforms on the distal surface of navicular body; and NCu, naviculocuboid facet on the lateral surface of navicular body.

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Fig. 7. A–F in Gomphos elkema (Glires, Mammalia) from the Erlian Basin: Evidence for the Early Tertiary Bumbanian Land Mammal Age in Nei-Mongol, China

Fig. 7. A–F. Ventral, dorsal, posterior, medial, lateral, and distal views of left astragalus of Gomphos elkema (IVPP V13510.2). Abbreviations: ACu, astagalocuboid facet; AFi, astragalofibular facet; AN, astragalonavicular facet; ATim, medial astragalotibial facet; CaA, calcaneoastragalar facet; sa, sulcus astragali; su, sustentacular facet; suh, sustentacular hinge; trlr, lateral rim of astragalar trochlea; trmr, medial rim of astragalar trochlea.

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Fig. 2 in Gomphos elkema (Glires, Mammalia) from the Erlian Basin: Evidence for the Early Tertiary Bumbanian Land Mammal Age in Nei-Mongol, China

Fig. 2. Lower jaw fragments of Gomphos elkema. A. lateral view of the anterior portion of right mandible (IVPP V13509.8); arrow indicates alveolus of the second lower incisor. B. Medial view of left partial mandible, showing the fenestrae on the ventral portion of the bone (V13509.2). C. Medial view of partial right mandible, with arrow pointing to the posterior end of the lower incisor (V13509.7). D. Lateral view of partial left mandible, with arrow pointing to the anterior edge of the masseteric fossa (V13509.2). Panels A, B, and D, are at the same scale.

FIG. 21 in Holotherian mammals from the Forest Marble (Middle Jurassic of England)

FIG. 21. — Proposed evolution of the molars of the main holotherian taxa (but see p.); 1, (Kuehneotherium) metacone lingual; lingual cingulum; strong stylocone; two roots; facet A present; narrow trigonid; e, f, present; lingual cingulid; facet A present; 2, (tinodontids) lingual cingulum decreases; parastyle increases? stylocone decreases; 2bis, (Trechnotheria) trigon widens; lingual cingulum decreases; paracone increases; parastyle becomes hooklike; metacone more labial; B' and "c" present; trigonid angle more acute; 3, (spalacotheriids) metacrista cusps tend to disappear; posterior stylar cusp; cusp B' and facet A tend to disappear; f becomes cingulid; complete cingulid; talonid cusp reduces; 3bis, (Cladotheria) trigon ridge; talonid develops; transverse crest ascends base of metaconid and on talonid isolates lingual component; 4, (Dryolestida) B' tends to disappear; posterior stylar cusp; facet A disappears; 3 roots; lingual cingulid disappears; paraconid inclined forwards and lamellar; talonid widens bucco-lingually; e disappears; f becomes anterior; 4bis, talonid elongates with a protruding talonid cusp; 5, (Kennetheredium n. gen.) trigonid taller; e disappears; 5bis, (Zatheria) distal metacristid; lingual cingulid decreases; 6, (amphitheriids) posterior stylar cusp; 3 roots; e reduces; f becomes anterior cingulid; 6bis, trigon ridge disappears; B' disappears; lingual cingulum develops; facet 4; lingual cingulid disappears; hypoconid develops; number of molars decreases; 7, (peramurids) stylocone decreases?; 7bis, (tribosphenids) protocone develops; three roots; facets 5 and 6.

FIG. 20 in Holotherian mammals from the Forest Marble (Middle Jurassic of England)

FIG. 20. —?Peramurid upper molar, BMNH J.752, × 34; A, lingual view; B, labial view; C, posterior view; D, anterior view; E, occlusal view.

FIG. 19 in Holotherian mammals from the Forest Marble (Middle Jurassic of England)

FIG. 19. — SEM photographs; A-C, lower molar of Trechnotheria indet., BMNH M 51822, anterior, posterior and lingual views; D, upper molar of Palaeoxonodon sp. (group I), BMNH J.636, posterior view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 18 in Holotherian mammals from the Forest Marble (Middle Jurassic of England)

FIG. 18. — SEM photographs of lower molars; A, B, Cladotheria indet., BMNH J.490, lingual and posterior views; C-E,?Symmetrodonta indet., BMNH J.438, oclusal, labial and lingual views. Scale bars: 1 mm.