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FIGURE 7 in A new subspecies of Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from Lampedusa, Italy

FIGURE 7. Frequency analysis of ocellus shape, for male and female subgroups; S, M and L refer to small, medium and large, respectively.

FIGURE 5 in A new subspecies of Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from Lampedusa, Italy

FIGURE 5. [Top] Papilio saharae aferpilaggi ssp. nov. ♁ holotypus (underside and upperside), Contrada di Cimitero Vecchio (on plateau between Tabaccara and Cala Galera valley), Lampedusa. [Bottom] Holotypus – scale bar increments: mm/in. (Photos: L-F. Cassar).

FIGURE 4 in A new subspecies of Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from Lampedusa, Italy

FIGURE 4. Inferred extent of coastline in the central Mediterranean area during Pleistocene lowstands at the peak of the Last Glacial Maximum (approx. 18 ka BP) at ≈120 m contour (base map source: IUCN map server).

FIGURE 2 in A new subspecies of Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from Lampedusa, Italy

FIGURE 2. Mean antennal segment number for male and female subgroups, with error bars showing the range of values.

FIGURE 8. A in A new subspecies of Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from Lampedusa, Italy

FIGURE 8. A series of Papilio saharae aferpilaggi ssp. nov. specimens with pairs of Papilio machaon subspecies from the Mediterranean Basin and of P. saharae saharae. From the left, first column: P. machaon hispanicus, SPAIN, Teruel, ♁ and ♀ VI.2015 (Coll. LFC); P. s. saharae, MOROCCO, Tizi-Tazouguart, ♁ IV.2018 and Azgour, ♀ VI.2018 (Coll. LFC); second column: P. m. sphyrus, ITALY, Sicily, Il Pagliaio delle Madonie, ♁ and ♀ VI.2019 (Coll. AC); P. m. mauretanica, MOROCCO, Azrou, ♁ and ♀ VI.2018 (Coll. LFC); third column: P. s. aferpilaggi ssp. nov. ITALY, Lampedusa, ♁ VIII.2022, ♁ VII.2022, ♁ IX.2022, ♀ IX.2022 and ♀ VI.2021 (Coll. LFC); fourth column: P. m. melitensis, MALTA, Selmun, ♁ I.2019 and ♀ V.2019 (Coll. LFC); P. m. syriacus, GREECE, Samos, ♁ VII.2018 (Coll. LFC) and ISRAEL, Moshav Kidron, ♀ V.2008 (Coll. AC) – scale bar increments: mm/in. (Photo: A. Catania).

FIGURE 6 in A new subspecies of Papilio saharae Oberthür, 1879 (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) from Lampedusa, Italy

FIGURE 6. Frequency analysis of ocellus shape (all adults); S, M and L refer to small, medium and large, respectively.

FIGURE 26 in Integrative description of two new species and two new subspecies of Lamprospilus Geyer (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

FIGURE 26. Neighbor Joining (NJ) identification tree of full-length barcodes (658 bp) for eleven species of Lamprospilus. BIN (Barcode Index Number) assignment using BOLD is also depicted.

FIGURES 17–25. Genitalia. 17 in Integrative description of two new species and two new subspecies of Lamprospilus Geyer (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

FIGURES 17–25. Genitalia. 17. Lamprospilus bicolor sp. nov, male (Aguacatal, Colombia); 18. Lamprospilus coelicolor, male (Peru); 19. Lamprospilus aunus, male (Guainía, Colombia); 20. Lamprospilus stegmaier sp. nov, male (Paratype); 21. Lamprospilus draudti, male (Aguacatal, Colombia); 22. Lamprospilus nicetus, male (Cauca, Colombia); 23. Lamprospilus decorata valluna ssp. nov., male (Valle del Cauca, Colombia); 24. Lamprospilus coelicolor, female (Peru); 25. Lamprospilus bicolor sp. nov. female (Aguacatal, Colombia).

FIGURES 28–31 in Integrative description of two new species and two new subspecies of Lamprospilus Geyer (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

FIGURES 28–31. Holotypes and original illustrations of Lamprospilus draudti. 28. Lamprospilus draudti Lathy (Holotype); 29. Lamprospilus occidentalis Johnson & Salazar (Holotype original illustration); 30. Illustrations of Lamprospilus nicetus in Draudt, (1919–1920: pl. 145g), the dorsal view represents Lamprospilus nicetus, but the ventral view represents Lamprospilus draudti; 31. Original labels of the holotype of Lamprospilus draudti Lathy.

FIGURE 27 in Integrative description of two new species and two new subspecies of Lamprospilus Geyer (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

FIGURE 27. Molecular diagnostic characters. Nucleotide sites with unique fixed states for the COI gene, which serve to identify nine species of Lamprospilus. Only species with three or more individuals were included in the analysis. Red: diagnostic characters; orange: partially diagnostic characters.

FIGURES 9–16. Adults. 9 in Integrative description of two new species and two new subspecies of Lamprospilus Geyer (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

FIGURES 9–16. Adults. 9. Lamprospilus bicolor sp. nov. male (Holotype, Aguacatal, Colombia); 10. Lamprospilus bicolor sp. nov. female (Paratype, Aguacatal, Colombia); 11. Lamprospilus bicolor mirador ssp. nov., male (Holotype, Peru); 12. Lamprospilus bicolor mirador ssp. nov., female (Paratype, Peru); 13. Lamprospilus coelicolor, male (French Guiana); 14. Lamprospilus coelicolor, female (French Guiana); 15. Lamprospilus aunus, male (Colombia); 16. Lamprospilus aunus, female (French Guiana).

FIGURES 1–8. Adults. 1 in Integrative description of two new species and two new subspecies of Lamprospilus Geyer (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

FIGURES 1–8. Adults. 1. Lamprospilus stegmaier sp. nov. male (Holotype, Yarumal, Colombia); 2. Lamprospilus stegmaier sp. nov. female (Paratype, Yarumal, Colombia); 3. Lamprospilus nicetus, male (Yarumal, Colombia); 4. Lamprospilus nicetus, female (Yarumal, Colombia); 5. Lamprospilus draudti, male (La Elvira, Colombia); 6. Lamprospilus draudti, female (La Elvira, Colombia); 7. Lamprospilus decorata valluna ssp. nov., male (Aguacatal, Colombia); 8. Lamprospilus decorata valluna ssp. nov., female (Aguacatal, Colombia).

FIGURE 1 in Calceolaria nivalis subsp. lanatifolia, a new subspecies of Calceolariaceae from Northern Peru

FIGURE 1. Calceolaria nivalis subsp. lanatifolia flowering branch (A), sepal, abaxial (B), flower, side view (C), and stamen (D). Drawn by P. Puppo from Vega Ocaña et al. 401 (MO).

FIGURE 4 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island

FIGURE 4. Comparison of humeri of Papasula a. nelsoni ssp. nov. with Papasula a. abbotti, caudal surface, left side. A. NHMUK PVA9049 P. a. nelsoni (Plaine Corail, Rodrigues); B. UMZC 262.AA holotype P. a. nelsoni (Mare aux Songes, Mauritius); C. USNM 560863 P. a. abbotti u/s (Christmas Island); USNM 560862 P. a. abbotti immature u/s (Christmas Island). Abbreviations: td, tuberculum dorsale; tv, tuberculum ventrale; ch, caput humeri; ic, incisura capitis; mc, margo caudalis; cvf, crus ventrale fossa; cb, crista bicipitalis; fp, fossa pneumotricipitalis; sh, sulcus humerotricipitalis; ss, sulcus scapulotricipitalis; pf, processus flexorius. Scale bar = 20 mm.

FIGURE 11 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island

FIGURE 11. Map of Rodrigues Island (above) showing the distribution of Mascarene Booby Papasula abbotti nelsoni ssp. nov., with a detail of Ile Frégate (below). This islet is in the only unequivocal breeding locality, with the six fossil elements collected on the Plaine Corail. The asterisk marks the location of the surviving tall native trees under a cliff and ideally place to SE trade winds. Adapted from Google Earth (2022).

FIGURE 8 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island

FIGURE 8. The original illustration of UMZC 995 (Fig. 6B, 6C) from Milne-Edwards (1873: pl. 11, figs. 5, 5a, 2d, 2e), in which he tentatively referred it to Sula piscator (= S. sula). Since its execution, damage has occurred, in particular the crista medialis hypotarsi (shown in Fig. 2e) is now missing.

FIGURE 12 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island

FIGURE 12. Author's reconstruction of Ile Frégate with Mascarene Booby Papasula a. nelsoni ssp. nov. in the foreground and far left, nesting alongside Red-footed boobies Sula sula and Lesser Frigatebirds Fregata ariel. This area of tall forest below the cliffs (above right) faces an unrestricted SE wind direction and may have been the only breeding area on the islet.

FIGURE 10 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island

FIGURE 10. Map of Mauritius (inset) and locality of Mare aux Songes (outlined in black) with Basin 0 where the fossil remains of Papasula abbotti nelsoni ssp. nov. were found. The arrows show the direction of the SE trade winds. Adapted from Google Earth (2022).

FIGURE 3 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island

FIGURE 3. Sternum fragment of Papasula a. nelsoni ssp. nov. NHMUK PV A9076. A. right lateral aspect; B. dorsal aspect; C. cranial aspect. Abbreviations: li, labrum interna; tle, tuberculum labri externa; sac, sulcus articularis coracoideus. Scale bar = 10 mm.

FIGURE 9 in A new fossil subspecies of booby (Aves, Sulidae: Papasula) from Mauritius and Rodrigues, Mascarene Islands, with notes on P. abbotti from Assumption Island

FIGURE 9. Comparison of skins (dorsal view left, ventral view right) of Papasula a. abbotti collected on Assumption Island (UMZC 10/Sul/2/a/1 u/s (left); UMZC 10/Sul/2/a/2 u/s (centre)); compared with a skin from Christmas Island (NHMUK1909.5.2.3 M, right). These skins show no discernible plumage differences from each other. Scale bar = 10 cm.