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Figure 2 in Clues supporting photoperiod as the main determinant of seasonal variation in amphibian activity
Figure 2. Linear regression of the number of species calling per month (S) between September 1998 and April 2000 with photoperiod (P).
F in The amphibians and reptiles of Nosy Be (NW Madagascar) and nearby islands: a case study of diversity and conservation of an insular fauna
F. 2. Species accumulation curves for all techniques combined amphibian and reptile species at RNI de Lokobe (Nosy Be) during 1993 and 1999 surveys.
F in The amphibians and reptiles of Nosy Be (NW Madagascar) and nearby islands: a case study of diversity and conservation of an insular fauna
F. 1. Location of Nosy Be and of the Réserve Naturelle Integrale (RNI) de Lokobe, and nearby islands. Map source: GIS Service of WWF-Antananarivo, based upon FTM (Foiben-Taosarintanin'i Madagascar/Institut Géographique et Hydrographique National) maps.
FIGURE 1. The relationships among the 11 in The status of the amphibian nomina created by Merrem (1820) and Ritgen (1828)
FIGURE 1. The relationships among the 11 genera of amphibians recognized by Merrem (1820) according to the cladistic interpretation of Frost et al. (2006), mainly based on molecular data. Generic nomina between square brackets are those used in Merrem (1820); each of them is preceded by the current valid nomen of the genus (see Table 1). Codes that follow these nomina at the end of each line are those used to designate the taxa including these genera in Merrem's classification (see Table 2). Codes T1 to T6 on the branches of the tree allow to recognize the taxa they designate in Table 4.
Figure 5 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 5. The morphology of the braincase (sphenethmoid and os basale) and stapes, as revealed through microcomputed tomography, of Ichthyophis kohtaoensis (ZMH A08981). A, the braincase in lateral view; B, dorsal view; and C, ventral view (arrowhead indicates location of the constriction of floor of the os basale, if present). D, the sphenethmoid in anterior view; and E, posterior view. F, the os basale in anterior view; and G, posterior view (asterisk indicates the location of the incision of the margin of the otic capsule by the fenestra vestibuli). H, the right medial surface of the os basale revealing the foramina of the antotic wall and of the medial wall of the otic capsule. I–L, the left stapes in natural position. I, lateral view; J, medial view; K, anterior view; and L, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 cm. See Figure 2 for abbreviations.
Figure 4 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 4. The morphology of the braincase (sphenethmoid and os basale) and stapes, as revealed through microcomputed tomography, of Boulengerula boulengeri (BM 2002.776). A, the braincase in lateral view; B, dorsal view; and C, ventral view (arrowhead indicates location of the constriction of floor of the os basale, if present). D, the sphenethmoid in anterior view; and E, posterior view. F, the os basale in anterior view; and G, posterior view (asterisk indicates the location of the incision of the margin of the otic capsule by the fenestra vestibuli). H, the right medial surface of the os basale revealing the foramina of the antotic wall and of the medial wall of the otic capsule. I–L, the left stapes in natural position. I, lateral view; J, medial view; K, anterior view; and L, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 cm. See Figure 2 for abbreviations.
Figure 1 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 1. Previous morphology-based phylogenies of caecilians. A, a consensus tree derived from individual component trees computed in separate smaller analyses and taxonomic descriptions representing the current state of morphologybased caecilian systematics (Wilkinson & Nussbaum, 2006); B, tree derived from 'traditional characters' (Wilkinson, 1997); C, tree derived from 'nontraditional characters' (Wake, 1993); D, tree derived from combined 'traditional' and 'nontraditional' characters, revealing an unconventional topology wherein eye-reduced taxa (Boulengerula, Gegeneophis, Scolecomorphus, and Gymnopis) form a clade (Wilkinson, 1997).
Figure 13. The 50 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 13. The 50% majority-rule tree resulting from the Bayesian analysis of the combined morphological and molecular data sets. Node letters correspond to the text, and node values are posterior probabilities.
Figure 7 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 7. The morphology of the braincase (sphenethmoid and os basale) and stapes, as revealed through microcomputed tomography, of Epicrionops bicolor (BM 1946.9.5.66). A, the braincase in lateral view; B, dorsal view; and C, ventral view (arrowhead indicates location of the constriction of floor of the os basale, if present). D, the sphenethmoid in anterior view; and E, posterior view. F, the os basale in anterior view; and G, posterior view (asterisk indicates the location of the incision of the margin of the otic capsule by the fenestra vestibuli). H, the right medial surface of the os basale revealing the foramina of the antotic wall and of the medial wall of the otic capsule. I–L, the left stapes in natural position. I, lateral view; J, medial view; K, anterior view; and L, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 cm. See Figure 2 for abbreviations.
Figure 3 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 3. The morphology of the braincase (sphenethmoid and os basale) and stapes, as revealed through microcomputed tomography, of Gymnopis multiplicata (BM 1907.10.9.10). A, the braincase in lateral view; B, dorsal view; and C, ventral view (arrowhead indicates location of the constriction of floor of the os basale, if present). D, the sphenethmoid in anterior view; and E, posterior view. F, the os basale in anterior view; and G, posterior view (asterisk indicates the location of the incision of the margin of the otic capsule by the fenestra vestibuli). H, the right medial surface of the os basale revealing the foramina of the antotic wall and of the medial wall of the otic capsule. I–L, the left stapes in natural position. I, lateral view; J, medial view; K, anterior view; and L, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 cm. See Figure 2 for abbreviations.
Figure 9 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 9. The morphology of the braincase (sphenethmoid and os basale) and stapes, as revealed through microcomputed tomography, of Siphonops annulatus (UMMZ 150624). A, the braincase in lateral view; B, dorsal view; and C, ventral view (arrowhead indicates location of the constriction of floor of the os basale, if present). D, the sphenethmoid in anterior view; and E, posterior view. F, the os basale in anterior view; and G, posterior view (asterisk indicates the location of the incision of the margin of the otic capsule by the fenestra vestibuli). H, the right medial surface of the os basale revealing the foramina of the antotic wall and of the medial wall of the otic capsule. I–L, the left stapes in natural position. I, lateral view; J, medial view; K, anterior view; and L, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 cm. See Figure 2 for abbreviations.
Figure 8 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 8. The morphology of the braincase (sphenethmoid and os basale), as revealed through microcomputed tomography, of Crotaphatrema lamottei (UMMZ 174496). A, the braincase in lateral view; B, dorsal view; and C, ventral view (arrowhead indicates location of the constriction of floor of the os basale, if present). D, the sphenethmoid in anterior view; and E, posterior view. F, the os basale in anterior view; and G, posterior view (asterisk indicates the location of the incision of the margin of the otic capsule by the fenestra vestibuli). H, the right medial surface of the os basale revealing the foramina of the antotic wall and of the medial wall of the otic capsule. Scale bars = 1 cm. See Figure 2 for abbreviations.
Figure 6 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 6. The morphology of the braincase (sphenethmoid and os basale) and stapes, as revealed through microcomputed tomography, of Gegeneophis ramaswami (KU 203038). A, the braincase in lateral view; B, dorsal view; and C, ventral view (arrowhead indicates location of the constriction of floor of the os basale, if present). D, the sphenethmoid in anterior view; and E, posterior view. F, the os basale in anterior view; and G, posterior view (asterisk indicates the location of the incision of the margin of the otic capsule by the fenestra vestibuli). H, the right medial surface of the os basale revealing the foramina of the antotic wall and of the medial wall of the otic capsule. I–L, the left stapes in natural position. I, lateral view; J, medial view; K, anterior view; and L, posterior view. Scale bars = 1 cm. See Figure 2 for abbreviations.
Figure 12. The 50 in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 12. The 50% majority-rule trees resulting from the parsimony (A–C) and 95% maximum clade credibility tree resulting from the Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of morphology (D) including the new braincase and stapes characters. A, all characters, all taxa; B, exclusion of certain eye characters (see text for details), yielding strong congruence with family level systematics; C, exclusion of certain eye characters and Sylvacaecilia grandisonae, which yields improved resolution to the family level with little discrepancy with molecular analyses (bootstrap values greater than 50% shown on the nodes); D, Bayesian analysis excluding certain eye characters and Sy. grandisonae, and the resolution of the nine families under this topology (Dermophiidae, Herpelidae, and Siphonopidae are paraphyletic). Node letters correspond to the text. 1, Rhinatrematidae; 2, Ichthyophiidae; 3, Scolecomorphidae; 4, Herpelidae; 5, Typhlonectidae; 6, Caeciliidae; 7, Indotyphlidae; 8, Siphonopidae; and 9, Dermophiidae.
Figure 11. Residual plots from the regression analyses for the four measurements that had low r in Phylogenetic implications of the morphology of the braincase of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona)
Figure 11. Residual plots from the regression analyses for the four measurements that had low r-squared values in their respective regression plots. Species circled represent those that deviate from the expected value of each measurement predicted by the regression plot. Data point labels correspond to the first letter of the genus followed by the first three letters of the species. A, residuals from the regression plot of dorsomedial process length against skull length, for which Typhlonectes natans (T.natans), Chthonerpeton indistinctum (C.indistinctum), and Crotaphatrema lamottei (C.lamottei) possess a process that is shorter than predicted; B, residuals from the regression plot of nasal septum length against skull length, for which T. natans and Ch. indistinctum possess a septum that is shorter than predicted; C, residuals of the regression plot of lateral wall length against skull length, for which Scolecomorphus kirkii (S.kirkii), Scolecomorphus vittatus, and Cr. lamottei possess walls that are longer than predicted; and D, residuals of the regression plot of occipital condyle protrusion against skull length, for which Epicrionops bicolor (E.bicolor), Rhinatrema bivittatum (R.bivittatum), Ichthyophis beddomei (I.beddomei), Ichthyophis kohtaoensis, Caudacaecilia asplenia (C.asplenia), and Scolecomorphus vittatus (S.vittatus) possess less protruded condyles than predicted.
Figure 2 in The origin of modern amphibians: a re-evaluation
Figure 2. Bayesian inference trees (MrBayes). A, analysis of unmodified supermatrix based on characters from all three hypotheses. B, modified supermatrix. Numbers indicate posterior probabilities.
Figure 1 in The origin of modern amphibians: a re-evaluation
Figure 1. Some fossil taxa of importance to the discussion of the origin of modern amphibians. A–C, the lysorophian lepospondyl Brachydectes (from Wellstead, 1991). D–F, the microsaurian lepospondyl Rhynchonkos (from Carroll & Gaskill, 1978). G–I, the amphibamid temnospondyl Doleserpeton (from Sigurdsen & Bolt, 2010). A, D, G, full reconstruction. B, E, H, skull, dorsal view. C, F, I, skull, ventral view. Not to scale.
Figure 3 in The origin of modern amphibians: a re-evaluation
Figure 3. Parsimony-based phylogenetic analyses (PAUP), bootstrap analyses. A, unmodified supermatrix. B, corrected supermatrix, characters weighted in inverse proportion to the size of the original matrices. Numbers refer to bootstrap frequencies.
Figure 4 in The origin of modern amphibians: a re-evaluation
Figure 4. Parsimony-based phylogenetic analyses (PAUP). A, corrected supermatrix (unweighted characters), strict consensus of three equally parsimonious trees, RI = 0.55, CI = 0.46 (preferred phylogeny). B, same, bootstrap analysis (preferred phylogeny, conservative view). Numbers refer to bootstrap frequencies.
Data from: Microclimate limits thermal behaviour favourable to disease control in a nocturnal amphibian
While epizootics increasingly affect wildlife, it remains poorly understood how the environment shapes most host-pathogen systems. Here, we employ a three-step framework to study microclimate influence on ectotherm host thermal behaviour, focusing on amphibian chytridiomycosis in fire salamanders (<i>Salamandra salamandra</i>) infected with the fungal pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans</i> (<i>Bsal</i>). Laboratory trials reveal that innate variation in thermal preference, rather than behavioural fever, can inhibit infection and facilitate salamander recovery under humidity-saturated conditions. Yet, a three-year field study and a mesocosm experiment close to the invasive <i>Bsal</i> range show that microclimate constraints suppress host thermal behaviour favourable to disease control. A final mechanistic model, that estimates range-wide, year-round host body temperature relative to local microclimate, suggests that these constraints are rule rather than exception. Our results demonstrate how amphibian innate host defences against epizootics may remain constrained in the wild, which predisposes to range-wide disease outbreaks and population declines.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.