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Figures 33–38 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figures 33–38. SEM photographs of Thyreodon spp. 33–36, propodeum, dorsal; 33, T. santarosae; 34, T. atriventris; 35, T. rivinae; 36, T. darlingi. 37–38, mesoscutum dorsal; 37, T. darlingi; 38, T. walkerae.

Figures 27–32 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figures 27–32. SEM photographs of propodeum lateral. 27, Thyreodon darlingi; 28, T. morosus; 29, T. walkerae; 30, T. zitaniae; 31, T. rivinae; 32, Rhynchophion flammipennis.

Figures 7–14. Fore wings, showing colour patterns. 7 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figures 7–14. Fore wings, showing colour patterns. 7, Rhynchophion flammipennis, normal form. 8, Rhynchophion flammipennis, dark form. 9, Thyreodon rufothorax. 10, T. atriventris. 11. T. maculipennis. 12. T. walkerae. 13. T. zitaniae. 14. T. papei.

Figure 65 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figure 65. The total numbers of individuals of Thyreodon rivinae collected at light by month between 1985 and 1992 in Sector Santa Rosa of the ACG compared with the monthly percentage of the annual rainfall.

Figure 2 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figure 2. Whole insect, lateral. Thyreodon cyaneus. Illustration reproduced with the kind permission of the American Entomological Institute.

Figures 21–26 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figures 21–26. SEM photographs of Thyreodon spp., pronotum, lateral; 21, T. whitfieldi; 22, T. laticinctus; 23, T. darlingi; 24, T. rivinae; 25, T. morosus; 26, T. walkerae.

Figure 1 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figure 1. Whole insect, lateral. Rhynchophion flammipennis. Illustration reproduced with the kind permission of the American Entomological Institute.

Figures 3–6 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figures 3–6. Thyreodon species, whole insects, lateral, showing major colour patterns found in the genus. 3. T. atriventris. 4. T. laticinctus. 5. T. walkerae. 6. T. schauffi. Scale bar = 5 cm.

Figure 64 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figure 64. The total numbers of individuals of Rhynchophion flammipennis collected by month in Malaise traps in the Bosque Humedo, Bosque San Emilio and Administration Area of Sector Santa Rosa of the ACG compared with the monthly percentage of the annual rainfall. Traps were operated continuously for three consecutive years, 1985–87.

Figures 15–20 in The systematics and biology of the Costa Rican species of parasitic wasps in the Thyreodon genus-group (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)

Figures 15–20. SEM photographs of Thyreodon spp. 15–16, head, anterior, showing interantennal area; 15, T. santarosae; 16, T. walkerae. 17–18, mesopleuron, lateral; 17, T. morosus; 18, T. walkerae. 19–20, propodeum, lateral; 19, T. whitfieldi; 20, T. laticinctus.

Figure 5 in Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics

Figure 5. Lateral and dorsal views of heads. A, B, Centrolene buckleyi, male, QCAZ 22388; C, D, Cochranella posadae, male, QCAZ 26023; E, Cochranella wileyi sp. nov., female, QCAZ 26028; F, Cochranella wileyi sp. nov., male, QCAZ 26029. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 6 in Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics

Figure 6. Ventral view of hands and feet. A, B, Centrolene buckleyi, male, QCAZ 22388; C, D, Cochranella posadae, males, QCAZ 25090 and 26023, respectively; E, F, Cochranella wileyi sp. nov., female, QCAZ 26028. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 3 in The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure

Figure 3. The interrelationships of the structures and functions responsible for or affected by endothermic temperature physiology of a mammal.

Figure 2 in The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure

Figure 2. The proposed effect of a small increase in the number of mitochondria per cell on several functions of endothermy.

Figure 11 in Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics

Figure 11. Dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) views of the holotype of Cochranella wileyi sp. nov., adult female, SVL = 27.1 mm, QCAZ 26028.

Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships among genera and species groups within Centrolenidae. A in Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics

Figure 1. Phylogenetic relationships among genera and species groups within Centrolenidae. A, tree topology suggested by Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch (1991a, b, c, 1996, 1998) and modified by Bolívar et al. (1999), Señaris (2001) and Duellman & Señaris (2003). B, single, most-parsimonious tree of the phylogenetic relationships of Centrolenidae (tree length = 13, CI = 0.923, RI = 0.9474, RC = 0.8745). Numbers refer to the following characters: (1) tibiale and fibulare, 0 = not fused, 1 = partially or completely fused; *(2) T-shaped terminal phalanges, 0 = absent, 1 = present; (3) dilated medial process on Metacarpal III, 0 = absent, 1 = present; (4) eggs deposition site, 0 = deposited in water, 1 = not deposited in water, 2 = deposited on underside of leaves; (5) shape of liver, 0 = liver lobed, 1 = liver bulbous; (6) humeral spine in males, 0 = absent, 1 = present; (7) relative size of disc of Finger III, 0 = disc small (<80% of eye diameter), 1 = disc large (> 80% of eye diameter); (8) coloration of hepatic peritoneum, 0 = clear, 1 = white; (9) coloration of peritoneum covering urinary blad- der, 0 = clear, 1 = white; (10) red heart visible in ventral view, 0 = heart not visible, 1 = red heart visible; (11) coloration of parietal peritoneum, 0 = white, 1 = clear. Character 12 (venter-to-venter fight behaviour) was hypothesized to be a synapomorphy shared by Centrolene and Cochranella (Bolívar et al., 1999); however, the distribution of this behaviour has been reported in only nine species (Guayasamin & Barrio-Amorós, 2005) and we did not include in B. Numbers next to tick marks represent bootstrap support values. Grey boxes denote characters that appear more than once in the tree. *T-shaped terminal phalanges are also present in Allophryne ruthveni.

Figure 4 in Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics

Figure 4. Photographs of glass frogs. A, B, Centrolene buckleyi from Yanayacu Biological Station, male, dorsolateral and ventral views, QCAZ 26032 (WCF); C, Centrolene buckleyi from Carchi, male, dorsolateral view, MECN 1246 (MRB); D, E, Cochranella posadae, male, dorsolateral and ventral views, QCAZ 25090 (WCF); F, Centrolene bacatum, dorsolateral view, male, QCAZ 26056 (MRB); G, H, Cochranella wileyi sp. nov., males, dorsolateral and ventral views, QCAZ 26029 and 27441, respectively (MRB); I, Cochranella griffithsi, dorsolateral view, QCAZ 29525 (JMG).

Figure 2 in Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics

Figure 2. Terminology (modified from Savage & Heyer, 1967) used for webbing formula in hands and feet. Roman numerals represent fingers or toes; Arabic numerals represent the number of phalanges completely or partially free of webbing. We use 0– to indicate that the web reaches the distal margin of the disc; 0 indicates that the web reaches the middle of the disc; 0+ indicates that the web reaches the proximal margin of the disc; 1– indicates that the web reaches the distal margin of the intercalary cartilage; 1 indicates that the web reaches the middle of the intercalary cartilage; 1+ indicates that the web reaches the proximal margin of the intercalary cartilage; 2– indicates that the web reaches the distal margin of the distal subarticular tubercle; 2 indicates that the web reaches the middle of the distal subarticular tubercle; 2+ indicates that the web reaches the proximal margin of the distal subarticular tubercle; the notation for 3 and 4 follow the same pattern described for 2. When, for example, the webbing reaches a midpoint between the intercalary cartilage and the distal subarticular tubercle in Finger IV, and the proximal margin of the disc in Finger V, the appropriate notation between these two fingers would be IV 11/2−0+ V. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 14 in Glass frogs (Centrolenidae) of Yanayacu Biological Station, Ecuador, with the description of a new species and comments on centrolenid systematics

Figure 14. Ventral view of two individuals of Hyalinobatrachium crurifasciatum showing intraspecific variation of the pericardium. A, white pericardium, MHNLS 16477; B, mostly clear pericardium, but see upper right corner of the heart, MHNLS 16475.

Figure 4 in The origin of mammalian endothermy: a paradigm for the evolution of complex biological structure

Figure 4. On the left, computer-generated walks through a multi-task landscape requiring adaptation simultaneously for light interception, mechanical stability and reproductive success. On the right, some of the optimal compromise morphologies generated by different walks (from Niklas, 1995).