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4,014 results for “nutrition”
Data from: Differences in larval nutritional requirements and female oviposition preference reflect the order of fruit colonization of Zaprionus indianus and Drosophila simulans
Species coexist using the same nutritional resource by partitioning it either in space or time, but few studies explore how species-specific nutritional requirements allow partitioning. Zaprionus indianus and Drosophila simulans co-exist in figs by invading the fruit at different stages; Z. indianus colonizes ripe figs, whereas D. simulans oviposits in decaying fruit. Larvae feed on yeast growing on the fruit, which serves as their primary protein source. Because yeast populations increase as fruit decays, we find that ripe fruit has lower protein content than rotting fruit. Therefore, we hypothesized that Z. indianus and D. simulans larvae differ in their dietary requirements for protein. We used nutritional geometry to assess the effects of protein and carbohydrate concentration in the larval diet on life history characters in both species. Survival, development time, and ovariole number respond differently to the composition of the larval diet, with Z. indianus generally performing better across a wider range of protein concentrations. Correspondingly, we found that Z. indianus females preferred to lay eggs on low protein foods, while D. simulans females chose higher protein foods for oviposition when competing with Z. indianus. We propose the different nutritional requirements and oviposition preference of these two species allows them to temporally partition their habitat.
Data from: Behavior and nutritional condition buffer a large-bodied endotherm against direct and indirect effects of climate
Temporal changes in net energy balance of animals strongly influence fitness; consequently, natural selection should favor behaviors that increase net energy balance by buffering individuals against negative effects of environmental variation. The relative importance of behavioral responses to climate-induced variation in costs versus supplies of energy, however, is uncertain, as is the degree to which such responses are mediated by current stores of energy. We evaluated relationships among behavior, nutritional condition (i.e., energetic state), and spatiotemporal variation in costs versus supplies of energy available to a large-bodied endotherm, the North American elk (Cervus elaphus), occupying two ecosystems with contrasting climates; 1) a temperate, montane forest; and 2) an arid, high-elevation desert. We hypothesized that during spring through autumn, behavioral responses to the energetic landscape would be both context-dependent (i.e., would vary as a function of the environmental conditions experienced by elk in the forest versus the desert), and state-dependent (i.e., would vary as a function of the energetic state of an individual). We tested several predictions derived from that hypothesis by combining output from a biophysical model of the thermal environment with data on forage quality, animal locations, and nutritional condition of individuals. At the population level, elk in the desert selected areas that reduced costs of thermoregulation over those that provided the highest quality forage. In the forest, however, costs imposed by the thermal environment were less pronounced, and elk selected areas that increased access to high quality forage over those that reduced costs of thermoregulation. At the individual level, nutritional condition did not influence strength of selection for low-cost areas or high quality forage among elk in the forest. In the desert, however, strength of selection for low-cost areas (but not forage quality) was state-dependent - individuals in the poorest condition at the end of winter showed the strongest selection for areas that reduced costs of thermoregulation during spring and summer, and also expended the least amount of energy on locomotion. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the roles of behavior and nutritional condition in buffering endotherms against direct and indirect effects of climate on fitness.
Improved nutritional status may promote an "asset protection" reproductive strategy in male rock lizards
<p><span>Investing in the current reproduction requires diverting energy resources from other metabolic functions, which may compromise future reproduction and lifespan. To solve this trade-off, an individual may consider its labile state to decide how much to invest in current reproduction. We tested experimentally whether the "state quality" of male rock lizards influences their reproductive strategies. To improve the nutritional status of males before the mating season, we captured and supplemented experimental males (<i>N</i> = 20) with dietary vitamin D<sub>3</sub> (an essential nutrient for lizards) and had a control group of males (<i>N</i> = 20). Then, we released all these males and females (<i>N</i> = 31) in a large semi-natural outdoor enclosure where lizards could interact and mate freely during the mating period. Activity levels of males did not vary between treatments, but supplemented males started fewer intrasexual agonistic interactions and made fewer mating advances to females. When the mating season ended, we incubated eggs laid by females to obtain the offspring and estimated the paternity of males using DNA microsatellites. Supplemented males sired fewer offspring than control males. These results suggest that vitamin D<sub>3</sub> supplemented males used a low risk/less costly mating strategy to protect their assets (i.e. vitamin D reserves), but that still resulted in "some" current reproductive success, while likely increasing longevity and the expected future total reproductive success.</span></p>
Physical activity interventions and nutrition-based interventions for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus
<p>1. Baseline characteristics of participants</p> <p>2. Description of studies</p> <p>3. Data extraction_Excel</p>
Secondary sexual trait melanization in black scavenger flies: nutritional plasticity and its evolution
<p>The black scavenger fly <em>Sepsis thoracica</em> exhibits polyphenic development resulting in alternate small black and large amber male morphs. Although the behavior, ecology, and physiology of both morphs are being scrutinized, the evolutionary origins of the nutritional polyphenism remain poorly understood. I here use a comparative approach to study variation in the degree of melanization of the forefemur —a secondary sexual trait. Melanization showed nutritional plasticity in all species and character mapping suggests polyphenic development to represent the ancestral character state that was lost repeatedly. That is, interspecific variation among the studied species is mainly caused by the loss and not the gain of polyphenic development. Coevolution between male melanization and mating system differences further implicates sexual selection in the evolution of male melanization. These findings highlight the usefulness of comparative and natural history data in shedding new light on the evolution of phenotypic variation.</p>
Text-fig. 12. Silutanispermum kvacekiorum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz1170) through the median plane of the seed (S170238) in the micropylar region showing exotestal cells lining the micropylar slit (mi) and hilum (hi); note the well-preserved mesotestal cells (me). b) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0805) of seed perpendicular to the median plane through the micropylar region showing the transverse micropylar slit (mi) lined by radiating exotestal cells; note abundant mesotestal cells (me). c) Transverse orthoslice (xy0768) through seed below hilum and micropyle showing exotesta (ex) and mesotesta (me) that is strongly developed along the raphe (ra) (S174352). d) Transverse orthoslice (xy2113) through middle of the seed showing well-preserved cellular nutritive tissue with empty cells; note that the raphe (ra) is enclosed in mesotestal tissue (S174352). e) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0970) through seed coat showing exotesta (ex) of tall palisade-shaped cells and thick mesotesta (me) of low cells (S174352). Scale bars = 500 µm (a, c, d); 250 µm (b); 125 µm (e). in Extinct Taxa Of Exotestal Seeds Close To Austrobaileyales And Nymphaeales From The Early Cretaceous Of Portugal
Text-fig. 12. Silutanispermum kvacekiorum gen. et sp. nov. seeds from the Early Cretaceous Famalicão locality (sample 025), Portugal; Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, orthoslices). a) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz1170) through the median plane of the seed (S170238) in the micropylar region showing exotestal cells lining the micropylar slit (mi) and hilum (hi); note the well-preserved mesotestal cells (me). b) Longitudinal orthoslice (xz0805) of seed perpendicular to the median plane through the micropylar region showing the transverse micropylar slit (mi) lined by radiating exotestal cells; note abundant mesotestal cells (me). c) Transverse orthoslice (xy0768) through seed below hilum and micropyle showing exotesta (ex) and mesotesta (me) that is strongly developed along the raphe (ra) (S174352). d) Transverse orthoslice (xy2113) through middle of the seed showing well-preserved cellular nutritive tissue with empty cells; note that the raphe (ra) is enclosed in mesotestal tissue (S174352). e) Longitudinal orthoslice (yz0970) through seed coat showing exotesta (ex) of tall palisade-shaped cells and thick mesotesta (me) of low cells (S174352). Scale bars = 500 µm (a, c, d); 250 µm (b); 125 µm (e).
Figure 3 from: Bernstein A, Moore RS, Rhee LQ, Aronson DL, Katz DL (2021) A digital dietary assessment tool may help identify malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies in hospitalized patients. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70642. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70642
Figure 3 Results illustrating a select micronutrient profile which may be within or out of range for a sample patient with the following characteristics: 70 years old, male, height 5 foot 6 inches, weight 125 pounds, minimal physical activity, losing weight, following restrictive diet.
Figure 2 from: Bernstein A, Moore RS, Rhee LQ, Aronson DL, Katz DL (2021) A digital dietary assessment tool may help identify malnutrition and nutritional deficiencies in hospitalized patients. Research Ideas and Outcomes 7: e70642. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.7.e70642
Figure 2 Results illustrating a select macronutrient profile which may be within or out of range for a sample patient with the following characteristics: 70 years old, male, height 5 foot 6 inches, weight 125 pounds, minimal physical activity, losing weight, following restrictive diet.
Melanin-based ornament darkness positively correlates with across-season nutritional condition
Sexually dimorphic ornamental traits are widely regarded as indicators of nutritional condition. However, variation of nutritional condition outside the reproductive and the ornament production seasons has rarely been considered, although it affects the generality of information content, especially for ornaments that may be used across the year. We measured several indicators of migratory and moult condition in male and female blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) during their autumn migration, and quantified their crown reflectance. We detected robust correlations between migratory and moult condition indices, and the correlation structure was similar in the two sexes. Furthermore, the across-season measure of body condition was positively related to the darkness of the black crown in males, while being unrelated to reflectance traits of the reddish crown in females. Our results reinforce the possibility that some melanin-based ornaments may be year-round indicators of individual quality via their dependence on nutritional condition.
Movement and nutritional data of mule deer in Western Wyoming (December 2015–March 2021)
<p>For many species, behavioral modification is an effective strategy to mitigate negative effects of harsh and unpredictable environmental conditions. When behavioral modifications are not sufficient to mitigate extreme environmental conditions, intrinsic factors may be the primary determinant of overwinter survival. We investigated how movement behavior, and internal (i.e., nutrition and age) and external (i.e., food availability and snow depth) states affect survival over winter of a long-lived and highly faithful species (mule deer; <em>Odocoileus</em> <em>hemionus</em>). We first tested if animals changed their behavior during winter based on internal and external states; we subsequently investigated how behavior and state interacted to influence survival risks in the face of extraordinary winter conditions. Movement behavior changed minimally as a function of age and nutrition; and yet, movement behavior affected survival—animals that exhibited more restricted movements were more likely to succumb to mortality overwinter compared with animals with less restricted movements. Additionally, nutrition and cumulative snow depth had a strong effect on survival; animals that were exposed to deep snow and began winter with low fat were much less likely to survive. Behavior was an effective tool in securing survival during mild or moderate winters, but nutrition ultimately underpinned survival during harsh winters.</p>
Modeling the nutritional value of thermally processed food products based on CFD simulations - Results of the Miniatura 6 NCN grant
<p>1. Description of the purpose of the scientific activity: The aim of the scientific activity was to optimize the heat treatment process of food products using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations and to assess the impact of this process on the nutritional value of the finished product. The following beef meat was selected for the study: strip beef, shin, entrecote, neck, leg, topside, topside, shoulder and brisket. The obtained results on the selection of heat treatment parameters, i.e. temperature, time, forced convection, allowed for the creation of a knowledge base on the basis of which a multi-factor optimization was carried out between the basic composition (the amount of: protein, fat, water, connective tissue and ash) and the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and vitamin E in beef. The aim and scope of the research has been achieved.</p> <p>2. Description of the implementation of the scientific activity: Experimental research was carried out at the Department of Food Technology and Design at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences. The raw material for the tests, i.e. beef meat from elements of different basic composition (protein, fat, connective tissue, ash, water): strip beef, rind entrecote, neck, leg, topside, topside, shoulder, brisket was purchased in three batches . The scope of the scientific activity included three stages:</p> <ul> <li>CFD simulation - computer simulation of heat treatment of beef characterized by a diverse basic composition and determination of the reduction of CLA and vitamin E content in various conditions of the thermal process - building a knowledge base,</li> <li>RSM optimization - using the CFD database of changes in the content of CLA and vitamin E, depending on the parameters of the thermal process, for optimization using the response surface method (RSM) - it allowed the selection of the best thermal treatment parameters ensuring the smallest losses of the above-mentioned bioactive ingredients,</li> <li>verification - laboratory tests were carried out using chromatographic techniques of vitamin E (HPLC - high-performance liquid chromatography) and CLA (GC - gas chromatography) content to confirm the predicted RSM results based on CFD simulation. Information on the mechanism of shaping the content of CLA and vitamin E in heat-treated beef allowed for the creation of a database that makes it possible to determine the optimal conditions for heat treatment of food products. The research was experimental, and the obtained results provided information on the mechanism of thermal decomposition depending on the parameters of the heat treatment process and the basic composition of food products. The scientific activity was used to develop a mechanism describing the relationship between the basic composition, method and parameters of heat treatment and the thermal stability of CLA and vitamin E in beef.</li> </ul> <p>3. Description of the effects of the implementation of the scientific activity:</p> <p>The study showed a significant effect of the basic composition of beef on changes in the content of vitamin E and CLA during heat treatment. The use of an innovative method of modeling and simulation of thermal processes with the use of CFD allowed for a precise analysis of changes in the content of the above-mentioned substances. components in meat samples of different basic composition. The analyzes carried out showed that the content of: protein, fat, tk. total, ash, water in individual elements of the beef carcass, i.e. strip beef, rib eye shank, neck, round, topside, topside, shoulder, brisket affects the temperature distribution in the entire volume of the raw material, which results in partial decomposition of vitamin E and CLA. Based on the developed experimental model, optimization was performed using the response surface method (RSM), thanks to which the best parameters of the heat treatment process using a convection steam oven were obtained. The optimization was carried out individually for each element differing in basic composition, and among the optimized process parameters were: processing temperature [℃], humidity inside the furnace chamber [%], process time [s] and fan speed ensuring forced convection of air and steam [RPM ]. The last, third stage of the research task was the verification of the optimization model with the results of laboratory analyses. The tests carried out using gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed to obtain the results of vitamin E and CLA content at a level consistent with those predicted on the basis of RSM models.</p>
Fig. 1 in Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils
Fig. 1. Macroelement and Fe content in hosts and parasites.
Fig. 3 in Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils
Fig. 3. Quantification of polyphenols for parasite and hosts.
Fig. 2 in Correlational nutritional relationships and interactions between expansive holoparasite Orobanche laxissima and woody hosts on metal-rich soils
Fig. 2. Microelement and heavy metal content in soil, hosts, and parasites.
PREMIER: PREvention of Metabolic Illness Through prEcision nutRition
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04148482. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Medical Nutrition Therapy or Standard Care in Treating Patients With Lung Cancer, Pancreatic Cancer, or Stage III or Stage IV Prostate Cancer
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00769652. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Hypocaloric Nutrition in Critically Ill Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01531335. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Development and Testing of Nutritional Algorithms (NACHO)
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05825469. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
ALA-enriched Nutrition for Prevention of Cognitive Decline in APOE4 Older Adults
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07392723. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Comparison of Atherogenic Risk Factors and Efficacy of Nutritional Treatment Among Adult Phenylketonuria Patients
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04969809. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 21.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.