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FIGURE 5 in Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy

FIGURE 5. Discriminant analysis of the entire spectrum in which each species has a unique symbol. A) Note that intraspecific variation is so small that the entire set of points per individual is encompassed by the one point for the species. B) Amplification of one point (one species, N. neoaustralis) illustrates the small intraspecific variation. DF (1, 2 and 3) indicate the discriminant functions.

FIGURE 3 in Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy

FIGURE 3. NIR spectra of nine species of Neodexiopsis after pre-processing (see text) in which each line is the spectra of each of the 67 specimens. The regular divisions are the minimal intervals that have information to discriminate the nine species simultaneously in the DA.

FIGURE 2 in Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy

FIGURE 2. Illustrative diagram of the use of NIR spectroscopy with insects. A) Light source, B) Detector, C) Diffuse reflectance accessory (see text).

FIGURE 4. A in Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy

FIGURE 4. A) PCA of three species based on the spectra without transformations. Yellow triangles (N. paranensis), green circles (N. rustica) and purple circles (N. vulgaris). Explained variation: PC1=99%, PC2= 0.9%, PC3<0.01%. B) PCA of the same species as Figure 4A, based on the spectra with transformations. Explained variation: PC1=68%, PC2=10%, PC3=4%.

FIGURE 6. A in Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy

FIGURE 6. A) First interval, between 1019.56–1088.50 nm. B) Interval 15, 2052.22–2121.15 nm. DF (1, 2, 3) indicate the first three discriminant functions.

FIGURE 7 in Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy

FIGURE 7. Discriminant analysis based on 50 points between 2052.22–2086.69 nm. This region comprises the first half of the region used in Figure 4B. DF indicates discriminant functions.

FIGURE 1. A in Barcoding without DNA? Species identification using near infrared spectroscopy

FIGURE 1. A fly in the accessory for diffuse reflectance (see text). The fly is pinned on a piece of Styrofoam.

FIGURE 2 in DNA barcoding and integrative taxonomy of Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze 1834, the first tardigrade species to be described, and some related species

FIGURE 2. Animal and egg morphology by LM of paragenophores and hologenophores of Macrobiotus vladimiri from St. Ulrich (Germany). A: Macroplacoids (Faure-Berlese fluid, phase contrast); B: egg shell (hologenophore HM136934, Faure- Berlese fluid, DIC); C: egg shell (paragenophore, Faure-Berlese fluid, phase contrast). Scale = 10 µm.

FIGURE 5 in DNA barcoding and integrative taxonomy of Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze 1834, the first tardigrade species to be described, and some related species

FIGURE 5. Animal and egg morphology by LM of paragenophores and hologenophores in Macrobiotus hufelandi. A-B: Specimens from Monte Rondinaio (Italy) (polyvinyl lactophenol, phase contrast). A: Placoids; B: egg shell (paragenophore). C-E: Specimens from Gotthard Pass (Faure-Berlese fluid). C: Macroplacoids (phase contrast); D: distal dishes in the egg shell (hologenophore HQ876594, DIC); E: egg shell reticulation (same hologenophore, phase contrast). Scale = 10 µm.

FIGURE 3 in DNA barcoding and integrative taxonomy of Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze 1834, the first tardigrade species to be described, and some related species

FIGURE 3. Egg morphology by SEM of paragenophores. A: Macrobiotus hufelandi from St. Ulrich (Germany); B: M. hufelandi from Gotthard Pass (Switzerland); C: Macrobiotus vladimiri from St. Ulrich; D: Macrobiotus sandrae from St. Ulrich. Scale = 5 µm.

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Figure 10 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region

Figure 10. Distribution of Geodia barretti Bowerbank, 1858 (map made with GeoMapApp, http://www.geomapapp.org). T, type locality;?, dubious records.

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Figure 12 in Taxonomy, biogeography and DNA barcodes of Geodia species (Porifera, Demospongiae, Tetractinellida) in the Atlantic boreo-arctic region

Figure 12. Thick sections of Geodia hentscheli Cárdenas et al., 2010. A, paratype ZMB Por 7551. B and C, Ingolf Exp., st. 78, south of Iceland, 1462 m depth. D, ZMBN 77925, lower slope of the Schultz Massive Seamount, 1997 m. Scale bars: A, B and D: 500 Mm; C: 300 Mm.

FIGURE 7 in DNA barcoding and integrative taxonomy of Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze 1834, the first tardigrade species to be described, and some related species

FIGURE 7. Neighbor joining dendrogram computed on Kimura 2-parameters distances. Numbers in bold indicate bootstrap values. Acronyms as in Tables 2 and 3. Asterisks indicate hologenophore specimens (sensu Pleijel et al. 2008).

FIGURE 8. Kimura 2 in DNA barcoding and integrative taxonomy of Macrobiotus hufelandi C.A.S. Schultze 1834, the first tardigrade species to be described, and some related species

FIGURE 8. Kimura 2 -parameters genetic distances in all the samples, specimens and species of tables 2 and 3. The graph shows the frequency distribution of intraspecific (grey) and interspecific (black) genetic divergences. The attribution to a same or to a different species has been done on morphological basis. 392 intraspecific and 1204 interspecific comparisons were taken into account.

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FIGURE 2 in DNA barcoding confirms species rank for a cryptic geometrid species from Turkey and Bulgaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)

FIGURE 2. Adults of Scopula drenowskii Sterneck, 1941 and S. decorata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775). a, S. drenowskii male; b, S. decorata male. Scale bar 0.5 mm.

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FIGURE 1 in DNA barcoding confirms species rank for a cryptic geometrid species from Turkey and Bulgaria (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Sterrhinae)

FIGURE 1. Distributional data for Scopula decorata (●), and Scopula drenowskii () in Turkey from collecting by the author, and dissected male specimens from ZSM.

Figure 10 in DNA barcoding and morphology reveal exceptional species diversity of Scoparia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the Hailuogou Glacier area, China

Figure 10. Map of China showing the topography and localities where Scoparia spp. are recorded, the coloured dots indicate the recorded localities and species numbers.

Figure 6. A–C in DNA barcoding and morphology reveal exceptional species diversity of Scoparia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the Hailuogou Glacier area, China

Figure 6. A–C, male genitalia of of Scoparia spp. A, Scoparia globosa Li sp. nov., holotype, prep. gen. no. LW12007; B–C, Scoparia annulata Li sp. nov.; B, holotype, prep. gen. no. LW12014; C, paratype, prep. gen. no. LW12026.

Figure 5. A–B in DNA barcoding and morphology reveal exceptional species diversity of Scoparia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the Hailuogou Glacier area, China

Figure 5. A–B, male genitalia of of Scoparia metaleucalis Hampson, 1907. A, prep. gen. no. LW12074; B, prep. gen. no. LW12088.

Figure 2. Minimum-evolution tree deduced from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I in DNA barcoding and morphology reveal exceptional species diversity of Scoparia (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) from the Hailuogou Glacier area, China

Figure 2. Minimum-evolution tree deduced from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences. Sequences were corrected with the Kimura two-parameter substitution model. Codon positions included were 1st + 2nd + 3rd + noncoding. Values represented at the nodes of branches are bootstrap values (1000 replicates).