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2,581 results for “amphibians”
Asymmetric cross-strain protection for amphibians exposed to a fungal-metabolite prophylactic treatment
<p>Chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians caused by the fungal pathogen <i>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</i> (Bd), poses an imminent conservation threat. The global spread of Bd has led to mass mortality events in many amphibian species, resulting in at least 90 species' extinctions to date. Exposure to Bd metabolites (i.e., non-infectious antigenic chemicals released by Bd) partially protects frogs during subsequent challenges with live Bd, suggesting its use as a prophylactic treatment and potential vaccine. However, we do not know whether Bd metabolite exposure protects against strains beyond the one used for treatment. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 3x2 experiment where we exposed adult Cuban treefrogs, <i>Osteopilus septentrionalis</i>, to one of three treatments (Bd metabolites from California-isolated strain JEL-270, Panamá-isolated strain JEL-419, or an artificial spring water control) and then challenged individuals with live Bd from either strain. We found that exposure to Bd metabolites from the California-isolated strain significantly reduced Bd loads of frogs challenged with the live Panamá-isolated strain, but no other treatments were found to confer protective effects. These findings demonstrate asymmetric cross-protection of a Bd metabolite prophylaxis and suggests that work investigating multiple, diverse strains is urgently needed.</p>
Data for: Temperature and hygrometry of amphibian agar models in behavioral simulation and operational temperature of two forested areas
<p>We investigated how thermoregulatory behaviors affect hydro-thermoregulation in anurans, using agar models as a sampling unit, simulating four behaviors related to behavioral fever and sickness behavior. We collected data in two forest environments (Wet forest and transitional forest) in the Parque Estadual Intervales (PEI), an Integral Conservation Unit of the Atlantic Forest (24°12' - 24°25' S; 48°03 - 48°30' W). The Wet forest is a mature Atlantic Forest, and the Transitional forest is a young secondary forest adjacent to open areas. We measured operational temperatures (temperatures of inanimate objects comparable to real frog species in size and shape) of agar models across 8 replicates in the two forest environments. We also measured agar models' temperature and water loss in different behavior simulations. In each transect, we used eight sampling unit (called tetrad) that was composed of two sets of four sensor-fit agar models. One of the sets was used to collect the operational temperature of the forest areas. These agar models were fitted with a 170 cm HOBO® Data Logger (U12-008) sensor programmed to record the temperature every 15 min. The second set of tetrads was used to collect the agar models' body temperature and water loss in different behavior simulations. The behavioral simulations were defined as: (a) strong behavioral fever (SBF); (b) apathy behavior (AB); (c) single thermoregulatory event (STE); and (d) control model (CO).</p> <p>After the temperature data were collected at 0600 h, three of the agar models (SBF, AB, and STE) were moved immediately, each one according to their corresponding protocol (SBF: Warmest Neighboring Site, AB: closest shelter, mainly small burrows, or accumulations of leaf litter; STE: Alternative Warmest Neighboring site). The selection of the places was made by using a FLIR TG165 Thermal Imaging Thermometer. One hour later, at about 0700 h, and hereafter hourly, a similar procedure was repeated, but only the SBF model required movement. We placed each model within 5 cm of another in this set to ensure similar initial thermal conditions. These tetrads were left undisturbed overnight, and no manipulation occurred after 2000 h. On the next day, at 0600 h, we measured the surface temperatures of the models and immediately applied the corresponding behavioral rule. This procedure was performed hourly until 2000 h. To analyze water loss, we recorded the mass of each model at 0600 h just after measuring temperature and repeated this every two hours. We used a portable balance (A&D Newton EJ-123, 0.01g accuracy) and calculated water loss rates from the difference between the initial model mass and mass measured at each subsequent 2-hour period. We express water loss as a percentage of maximum hydration.</p>
Figure 2 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 2. Plan of Raqefet Cave (a) provenance of the faunal samples, with the different contexts presented in this study labelled in red (b).
Figure 10 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 10. Reconstructed Mean annual precipitation (mm) and temperature for the herpetofauna species identified in Raqefet cave (a, b), Late Natufian EWT (c, d) and for the micro-mammals of Raqefet Cave Locus 1 (e, f). Climatic data from Danin and Orshan (1990). The vertical red line represents the mean annual precipitation and temperature of Ein Hashofet meteorological station for Raqefet and Ein Carmel meteorological station for EWT.
Figure 9 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 9. Results of Principal Components Analysis (components 1 and 2) of the proportional weighted habitat types of the Raqefet Cave herpetofauna assemblages (blue), LN EWT herpetofauna assemblages (red), micro-mammals of Raqefet Cave (green) and modern Mount Carmel herpetofauna (Orange). The most influential habitat types are marked, based on the loading plots (Supplementary Figures 3-4).
Figure 5 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 5. Anura and lizard bones from Raqefet Cave. Bufotes viridis sl (a) presacral vertebra, from left to right, dorsal, anterior and posterior views; Stellagama cf. stellio (b) left maxilla, medial and lateral views; (c) right dentary, medial and lateral views; (d) trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior and lateral views; Eumeces schneiderii (e) right dentary, medial and lateral views; (f) trunk vertebrae, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior and lateral views; Pseudopus apodus (g) left maxilla, medial and lateral views (h) left dentary, medial and lateral views; (i) trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior and lateral views.
Figure 1 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 1. (a) Location map (satellite image) showing the studied area; (b) Topographic map of the studied area, Mount Carmel and its surrounding. Meteorological stations marked by +.
Figure 4 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 4. Composite phytogeographical map of Israel, with the location of Raqefet Cave marked by a white X. Ecological units are shown in colour (Data from Israel Nature and Parks Authority; see map legend). Geographic zones after Danin and Orshan (1990): (a) Coastal Galilee. (b) Acco Plain. (c) Carmel Coast. (d) Sharon Plain. (e) Philistine Plain. (f) Upper Galilee. (g) Lower Galilee. (h) Mount Carmel. (i) Esdraelon Plain. (j) Samaria. (k) Shefela. (l) Judean Mountains. (m) Northern Negev. (n) Western Negev. (o) Negev Highlands. (p) Southern Negev. (q) Hula Plain. (r) Upper Jordan Valley. (s) Beit Shean Valley. (t) Mt. Gilboa. (u) Samarian Desert. (v) Judean Desert. (w) Lower Jordan Valley. (x) Dead Sea Valley. (y) Arava Valley. (z) Mount Hermon. (aa) Golan.
Figure 8 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 8. Habitat weighting analysis for the different contexts of Raqefet Cave herpetofauna (a–d); the Late Natufian of EWT (e); Mount Carmel modern herpetofauna (f); Raqefet Locus 1 micro-mammals (g); the x axis denotes the ecological units, see colour legend; the y axis marks the habitat index values. For location of the different habitats in Israel today see.Figure 4
Figure 7 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 7. Intra- and inter-site comparisons between Raqefet Cave (RAQ, shaded) and EWT contexts. The supposed 'least anthropogenic̍ archaeological context in each site is denoted by arrows: (a) taxonomic evenness (Simpson̍s index), data from Table 1; (b) centrum length of the vertebrae (reflecting animal body size); (c) the protruding part index (measuring bone fragmentation).
Figure 6 in Squamates and amphibians from the Natufian cemetery of Raqefet Cave, Israel: taphonomy, paleoenvironments and paleoclimate
Figure 6. Snake bones from Raqefet Cave. Eryx jaculus (a) trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior and lateral views; Hemorrhois nummifer (b) trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior and lateral views; Dolichophis jugularis (c) trunk vertebra dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior and lateral views; Malpolon insignitus (d) trunk vertebra dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior and lateral views; Daboia cf. palaestinae (e) vertebra dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior and lateral views.
Larval development and poor food availability: Local adaptations and plasticity in a widespread amphibian species
<p>Data of fire salamander larvae reared under rich and poor food conditions. Data include also length, growth rate and number of prey attacked by the same larvae for 30 days after metamorphosis.</p> <p>In this study, we considered two extrinsic factors such as food availability and altitude and we examined their effects on larval growth, timing of metamorphosis and survival in fire salamander larvae. We also investigated whether larval diet has repercussions on growth rate of juvenile salamanders in the month following metamorphosis.</p> <p>Our experimental study was conducted on 150 newborn fire salamander larvae from 15 epigean sites at different altitudes (ranging between 250 and 1491 m a.s.l.). The larvae of each site were divided into two treatment groups: "poor" and "rich" food conditions. </p>
FIG. 2 in Amphibian Disease Ecology: Are We Just Scratching the Surface?
FIG. 2.—Percentage distribution of investigated pathogens (A) and host life stage (B) in the amphibian disease literature between 2009 and 2019.
FIG. 3 in Amphibian Disease Ecology: Are We Just Scratching the Surface?
FIG. 3.—Percentage distribution of investigated pathogens and associated host life stage in chytridomycota (A, B), ranaviruses (C, D), and helminths (E,
FIG. 2 in Clearing up the Crystal Ball: Understanding Uncertainty in Future Climate Suitability Projections for Amphibians
FIG. 2.—Mean predicted change in suitable climate for amphibian species by citation and model parameters from the meta-analysis. Points represent means and bars represent 95% confidence intervals. Mean predicted change in suitable climate was calculated for each amphibian order within each study for each of the model settings, including Representative Concentration Pathway, Year, and Dispersal Limitation. Triangles indicate estimates from the case study, and circles indicate all other studies. A color version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 1 in Amphibian Disease Ecology: Are We Just Scratching the Surface?
FIG. 1.—Flow diagram of basic relationships between amphibian host–pathogen systems and environmental factors. Adapted from Gray et al. 2009.
FIG. 1 in Clearing up the Crystal Ball: Understanding Uncertainty in Future Climate Suitability Projections for Amphibians
FIG. 1.—Map of countries for which suitable climate has been projected under future climate scenarios for at least one amphibian species. Colors represent the number of studies in which a given country was included. A color version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 3 in Clearing up the Crystal Ball: Understanding Uncertainty in Future Climate Suitability Projections for Amphibians
FIG. 3.—Percent change in climate suitability predicted for each species in the case study. For each species, predicted percent change in climate suitability is shown for the year 2050 under 13 general circulation models and two representative concentration pathways (2.6, 8.5) climate scenarios for both the default Maxent species distribution models (SDMs; regularization multiplier ¼ 1; open red boxes) and the best-fit SDM (Akaike information criterion; ΔAICc ¼ 0; shaded blue boxes) for three levels of dispersal: no dispersal, limited, or unlimited. Boxplots show median, interquartile range, and minimum and maximum values. A color version of this figure is available online.
Figure 2 in Geographical, climatic and biological constraints on age at sexual maturity in amphibians
Figure 2. Histograms depicting the age at sexual maturity distribution through the sampled species for females (left) and males (right).
Data from: Exploring the impact of read clustering thresholds on RADseq-based systematics: an empirical example from European amphibians.
<p>This repository contains genetic sequences obtained from Hybrid-Enrichment and RAD sequencing protocols of the amphibian genera <em>Discoglossus</em>, <em>Lissotriton</em>, <em>Rana </em>and <em>Triturus, </em>as well as phylogenetic trees inferred from the RADseq data. This data was generated for the manuscript "Exploring the impact of read clustering thresholds on RADseq-based systematics: an empirical example from European amphibians.", in which we tested the influence of the clustering threshold used to assemble RADseq data on downstream phylogenetic inferences. Details on the data generation and analyses can be found in the manuscript and related supplementary materials.</p> <p>The repository is organised as follow:</p> <p>-> Hybrid-Enrichment: alignments of the Hybrid-Enrichment markers in phylip/fasta format (with one subdirectory for each of the four datasets assembled: Discoglossus, Lissotriton, Rana, Triturus)</p> <p>--> RADseq: Assemblies and phylogenetic trees obtained from a RADseq protocol</p> <p> --> Assemblies: RADseq assemblies (complete loci sequences and SNP matrices, spreadsheets with assembly metrics). Divided into "iCT" (assemblies produced with 23 different intra-sample Clustering Threshold [iCT] and a fixed between-samples Clustering Threshold [bCT]) and "bCT" (assemblies produced with a fixed iCT and 23 different bCT). Both iCT and bCT are further divided in four sub-directories corresponding to the four datasets: Discoglossus, Lissotriton, Rana, Triturus)</p> <p> --> Trees: Phylogenetic trees inferred from the aforementionned assemblies. Divided into "iCT" (RAxML concatenation trees inferred from the assemblies with different iCTs) and "bCT" (RAxML concatenation trees and Tetrad species trees inferred from the assemblies with different bCTs).</p>
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