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Figure 3 in Artificial water bodies as amphibian breeding sites: the case of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in central Spain
Figure 3. Geolocations of Alytes obstetricans males (left) and females (right) in the locality of Valtierra during the breeding season of 2020-2021. White polygons approximate home ranges for individuals captured three or more times, white lines represent distances covered by individuals captured twice, and white dots show the locations of individuals captured only once. The orange line represents the minimum convex polygon including all geolocations of all toads (males, females and individuals of unknown sex combined).
Figure 2 in Artificial water bodies as amphibian breeding sites: the case of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in central Spain
Figure 2. Abundance estimates (N a, with their 95% confidence intervals) for A. obstetricans males, females and individuals of unknown sex in Valtierra and Fuente del Valle in the breeding seasons of 2019, 2020 and 2021, based on POPAN analyses.
Figure 1 in Review Orientation and emigration of larval and juvenile amphibians: selected topics and hypotheses
Figure 1. Three hypothetical examples of amphibian populations are shown, a 'pond' (breeding habitat) is shown in the centre, symbolized by a blue circle; open circles represent individual amphibians, the colours correspond with the population letter ("P" = green, "Q" = purple and "R" = red). Two assumptions for this scenario are the following: demographic estimates are calculated from a capture-recapture effort using adults at the breeding site, and that the (former) emigration direction of adults influences their offspring's emigration direction. Individuals of population "P" in the first example (A) are emigrating randomly from their natal pond, and thereby distributing equally spaced. However, in the second example (B) two subpopulations ("Q" and "R") exist with two emigration directions towards opposite sides. Overall, again the distribution of individuals appears equally spaced, however, in reality it is composed of two underlying subpopulations. Further inspection of this example would reveal that the individual density towards the North and South is slightly sparser then towards East and West, anyway, the differences are minor. In the third example (C) distribution "Q" went extinct and only "R" remained. Despite the same number of animals emigrating, the spatial distribution is very unequal between the East and West side of the pond. If we assume for all three examples that population density estimates were based on measures from the pond in the centre, estimates will agree well with the 'true' situation for the populations in A and B. In contrast, such measures would fail to predict animal presence for C. Distributions were calculated using R (R Core Team, 2020). For individuals of population "P" a random sample along x and y-axes was plotted, for population "Q" and "R" the individual positions followed a normal distribution on the x-axis, with the means left ("West") and right ("East") of the ponds as well as the centre of the y-axis for both. For plotting I used the packages grid (R Core Team, 2020), shape (Soetaert, 2020), ggplot2 (Wickham, 2016), ggplotify (Yu, 2020) and cowplot (Wilke, 2020).
Figure 1. A in Artificial water bodies as amphibian breeding sites: the case of the common midwife toad (Alytes obstetricans) in central Spain
Figure 1. A) Location of the study area in the SE of Comunidad de Madrid (Central Spain). The inset (red box) shows the location of our study area (C). B) Alytes obstetricans male carrying an egg clutch. C) Distribution of A. obstetricans in the study area. The main rivers in the study region are marked in blue, while the white line represents the border of Comunidad de Madrid. Circles of different sizes represent larval abundances (in three categories: small: 1-100, medium: 101-1000, large:>1000), and colors represent natural (purple) and artificial (yellow) breeding sites (for details, see table 1). Numbers in red color refer to localities of Valtierra (28) and Fuente del Valle (29). Photo credit: Carlos Caballero-Díaz.
FIGURE 20 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 20. Talus slopes and screes provide communal hibernation sites for Vipera berus, offering frost-free conditions also in case of early winter weather with little insulating snow cover. Such sites invariably face SW–SE and have early snowmelt that permits earlier spring emergence than in surrounding areas. Mating usually takes place here, after which vipers disperse to summer habitats visible in the background. This picture is from one of the northernmost known hibernation sites in Sweden at 68oN. Etnoluhtinvaara, Torne lappmark, Northern Boreal region. Photo: Stefan Andersson.
FIGURE 19 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 19. Clear-cuts offer summer habitat for Zootoca vivipara, Anguis fragilis, and Vipera berus for a decade or so until planted conifers grow tall enough to shade the ground. Robertsfors, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg.
FIGURE 18 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 18. Summer habitat for Rana temporaria and Rana arvalis in boreal riparian deciduous woodland. The canopy is dominated by Alnus incana, Prunus padus, and Sorbus aucuparia, with scattered Salix caprea and Betula pubescens. The lush herbaceous field layer provides shelter and abundant invertebrate food in summer. Population density at this site has been estimated at up to 7500 and 6000 adults/km2 of Rana temporaria and R. arvalis, respectively. Bölesholmarna, Umeå, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg.
FIGURE 16 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 16. Rana temporaria is the hardiest amphibian in North Sweden, ranging up to the transition between the Mid- and High-Alpine life zones. Individuals in these uppermost populations often give a toad-like impression due to their dark color and short hindlimbs. Stekenjokk, Jämtland, 1070 m altitude. Photo: Johan Elmberg.
FIGURE 13. Recently abandoned hayfields are prime summer habitat for Rana temporaria, R in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 13. Recently abandoned hayfields are prime summer habitat for Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, Bufo bufo, Anguis fragilis, and Vipera berus. The forest edge in the background is typical habitat also for Zootoca vivipara. Baggböle, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg.
FIGURE 12 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 12. Ongoing post-glacial land uplift creates open habitats along the Baltic coast of North Sweden. Rock pools (foreground) serve as breeding sites for Rana temporaria and Bufo bufo, occasionally also for Lissotriton vulgaris. Brushy areas along the forest edge (background) are typical summer habitat for Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus. Tjäruskär, Ångermanland, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg.
FIGURE 17 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 17. Rana temporaria is the only amphibian breeding in alpine heath habitats well above tree line in the Scandic Mountains of North Sweden. Among the variety of wetland types available, chorusing and spawning invariably take place in shallow ponds with moderate to sparse vegetation. Despite high altitude and latitude, a short annual activity period, and a cool overall climate, breeding ponds enjoy constant daylight, high insolation and thus warm up rapidly. Kraipe, Lycksele lappmark, 820 m altitude, Low-Alpine zone. Photo: Johan Elmberg.
FIGURE 14 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 14. Vast areas of North Sweden's interior are covered by level open bogs with permanent water. Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, and Bufo bufo breed in the pool depressions (foreground) and come ashore to forage in grassy areas in summer. More elevated and drier string parts of the bogs offer protective vegetation and summer habitat för Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus. Photo: Jonas Grahn.
FIGURE 15 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 15. Summer habitat for Rana temporaria in the transition between the Mid- and High-Alpine life zones. Here the annual activity period lasts three months or less, during which adults adopt a semi-aquatic lifestyle, spending much time in small creeks and seepage areas. Stekenjokk, Jämtland, 1070 m altitude. Photo: Johan Elmberg.
FIGURE 11 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 11. Mesotrophic lakes with extensive beds of grasses and sedges provide breeding habitat for Rana temporaria, R. arvalis, and Bufo bufo. If fishless, also Lissotriton vulgaris is likely to occur in lakes of this type. Spring aspect from Öster- Skivsjön, Västerbotten, Middle Boreal region. Photo: Johan Elmberg.
FIGURE 10 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 10. Distribution of Vipera berus in North Sweden. Colored parts of the Baltic in Ångermanland, Västerbotten, and Norrbotten represent areas with widespread occurrence on offshore islands. Triangles at sea in Medelpad and Hälsingland represent more singular offshore occurrences. Question marks denote areas where the western range limit is poorly known.
FIGURE 8 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 8. Distribution of Anguis fragilis in North Sweden. The oval in northernmost Västerbotten represents many records over a long time period, a population that is possibly disjunct. Note the total lack of records from offshore islands in the Baltic.
FIGURE 9 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 9. Distribution of Natrix natrix in North Sweden. The green circle denotes a disjunct record in Härjedalen, for which there is no suspicion of anthropogenic origin. Triangles show occurrence on far offshore islands in the Baltic. Filled black circles denote well-documented records where anthropogenic origin can be suspected (cf. Elmberg 1995). None of the latter represent permanent reproducing populations. A question mark shows area where presence is likely but has not been documented.
FIGURE 4 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 4. Distribution of Bufo bufo in North Sweden. Colored areas of the Baltic are those with widespread occurrence on offshore islands. The extremely isolated offshore occurrence on the islet Bonden is shown by a triangle. Possibly disjunct occurrences in northern Norrbotten and close to the Alpine region in Jämtland are shown by a filled circle. Question marks show areas where presence is possible but has not been documented.
FIGURE 7 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 7. Distribution of Zootoca vivipara in North Sweden. Although most of the Scandic Mountain range is colored, the species is absent from high-altitude areas in the Alpine region (see Figure 1 for outline of the latter). The upper limit of occurrence runs from 1100 m in Härjedalen, decreasing towards the north to 700–800 m in Lule lappmark. The only truly far offshore occurrence in the Baltic is shown by a triangle. A question mark denotes unknown status in parts of the vast Baltic archipelago in Norrbotten.
FIGURE 3 in Amphibians and reptiles in North Sweden: distribution, habitat affinities, and abundance (Classes: Amphibia and Reptilia)
FIGURE 3. Distribution of Triturus cristatus in North Sweden. Areas colored darker denote more continuous range, and lighter color areas where records are more scattered. Likely disjunct occurrences are shown by filled circles and an offshore record by a triangle. A question mark shows area where presence is likely but has not been documented.
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