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Figures 29-34 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 29-34 Hannaea cf. baicalensis, SEM. 29–32, 34 details of cingulum 33 central area of valve, internal view, note buttressed central area. Scale bar: 2 μm (29–34).

Figures 119-124 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 119-124 Hannaea inaequidentata, apex details of pre-normal cells, external view, SEM119 apex detail of Fig. 107 showing deflexed sternum (arrow) 120 apex detail of Fig. 108 showing irregular striae and small ocellulimbus (arrow) 121 Apex detail of Fig. 109 showing twisted valve 122 apex detail of Fig. 110 showing almost normal sternum and striae (two arrows) 123 apex detail of Fig. 111 showing twisted valve and not well-developed spines 124 apex detail of Fig. 112 showing well-developed spines and almost normal ocellulimbus. Scale bars: 2 μm (119–124).

Figures 10-17 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 10-17 Hannaea cf. arcus, SEM10–13 external view of valve, note linking spines and central area 14–17 internal view of valve, note central area lacking buttressing (15). Scale bars: 10 μm (10, 14), 2 μm (11–13, 15–17).

Figures 113-118 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 113-118 Hannaea inaequidentata, middle details of pre-normal cells, external view, SEM113 middle part of Fig. 107 showing deflexed sternum (two arrows) and central area 114 detail of middle illustrated in Fig. 108 showing sternum (two arrows) and central area 115 detail of middle illustrated in Fig. 109 showing sternum (two arrows) and central area 116 detail of middle part illustrated in Fig. 110 showing developed virgae and vimines 117 detail of middle part illustrated in Fig. 111 showing developed spines 118 detail of middle part illustrated in Fig. 112 showing well-developed virgae, vimines and spines. Scale bars: 5 μm (113–118).

Figures 97-102 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 97-102 Hannaea inaequidentata, dividing half mother frustule, external view, SEM97 slightly displaced half mother frustule, note its rounded outline 98 middle detail of Fig. 97 showing broken longitudinal perizonium 99, 100 details of Fig. 98 (two asterisks) showing broken longitudinal perizonium (arrows) and distinctive plaques (arrowheads) 101 apex detail of Fig. 97 showing irregular ocellulimbus and 4:2 configuration of girdle bands 102 another apex detail of Fig. 97 showing 4:2 configuration of girdle bands and a new-born hypovalve with regular sternum (two arrows). Scale bars: 10 μm (97, 98), 2 μm (99–102).

Figures 107-112 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 107-112 Hannaea inaequidentata, pre-normal frustules, external view, SEM107 frustule with arcuate outline and swollen middle 108 frustule with developed sternum 109 frustule with bi-constricted middle and developed sternum 110 frustule with globular middle and developed sternum 111 twisted frustule with developed sternum 112 frustule with distinct virgae and developed sternum. Scale bars: 20 μm (107–112).

Figures 103-106 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 103-106 Hannaea inaequidentata, half mother frustule, external view, SEM103 half mother frustule, note its rounded outline 104 middle detail of Fig. 103 showing longitudinal perizonium (arrows) and plaques (arrowheads) 105 apex detail of Fig. 103106 apex detail of Fig. 103 showing four girdle bands and hypovalve with spines (arrows). Scale bars: 10 μm (103), 2 μm (104–106).

Figures 91-96 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 91-96 Hannaea inaequidentata, an initial frustule, external view, SEM91 complete initial frustule, note its rounded outline 92 detail of Fig. 90, showing longitudinal perizonium wholly covering valve surface, no transverse perizonium bands (arrows) 93 detail of Fig. 90 showing longitudinal perizonium (arrows) 94 detail of Fig. 91 showing longitudinal perizonium on two valves and one girdle band (arrows) 95, 96 two apex details of Fig. 91 showing longitudinal perizonium (arrows), irregular ocellulimbus, and two rimoportulae per valve (curved arrows). Scale bars: 20 μm (91), 1 μm (92–96).

Figures 85-90 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 85-90 Hannaea inaequidentata, an initial frustule, external view, SEM85 complete initial frustule, note its rounded, cylinder-like, twisted outline 86 middle detail of Fig. 85, showing central area, sternum not developed (two arrows), longitudinal perizonium wholly covering valve surface, no transverse perizonium bands 87 detail of Fig. 85 showing longitudinal perizonium (arrows), plaques (arrowheads), and two girdle bands 88 detail of Fig. 86 showing longitudinal perizonium (arrows) 89 apex detail of Fig. 85 showing longitudinal perizonium (arrow) and irregular ocellulimbus located in valve margin (curved arrow) 90 another apex of Fig. 85, note depressed pole (arrow). Scale bars: 20 μm (85), 10 μm (52), 1 μm (86–90).

Figures 60-65 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 60-65 Hannaea inaequidentata, normal vegetative valves, external view, SEM60 displaced frustule 61 detail of Fig. 60, showing well-developed virgae and vimines (arrows), spines mostly located between two adjacent virgae, sometimes situated on virgae (arrowheads) 62, 63 apex details of Fig. 62 showing rimoportula configuration in two valves forming a cell: each cell with two rimoportulae, located diagonally at both apices of each cell (two arrows, respectively) 64, 65 another two apices showing a regular ocellulimbus and areolae occluded internally by hymens. Scale bars: 10 μm (60), 2 μm (61–63), 1 μm (64, 65).

Figures 66-69 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 66-69 Hannaea inaequidentata, normal vegetative valve, internal view, SEM66 complete valve 67 detail of Fig. 66 showing unilateral swollen middle 68, 69 details of Fig. 66 showing regular sternum and radiating striae near each apex. Scale bars: 10 μm (66), 2 μm (67–69).

Figures 79-84 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 79-84 Hannaea inaequidentata, an initial frustule, external view, SEM79 complete initial frustule, note its rounded, cylinder-like, twisted outline 80 middle detail of Fig. 79, showing central area, sternum not developed (i.e. striae continue across valve surface, also see 81, 83, arrow), longitudinal perizonium wholly covering valve surface, no transverse perizonium bands (also see Figs 85–106) 81 detail of Fig. 79 showing sternum not developed (arrow) 82 apex detail of Fig. 79 showing two girdle bands for this initial frustule, sternum not developed. 83, 84 details of Fig. 79 showing two disc-shaped incunabular scales with cerebral-cortex-like surfaces (83 curved arrow; 84 arrow). Scale bars: 10 μm (79), 2 μm (80–84).

Figures 70-78 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 70-78 Hannaea inaequidentata, initial frustules and pre-normal vegetative valves, LM70, 71 two initial frustules, note nonexistent (undeveloped) sternum and irregular valve face 72–78 seven pre-normal vegetative valves showing seven irregular valve shapes: almost straight with undulate valve margins (72), sigmoid with constricted two middle margins (73), double S-shaped with one middle margin constricted (74), parallel middle margins with one half of valve straight and the other deflexed (75), swollen middle part with almost straight valve (76), arcuate with globular middle part (77), and nearly normal but distinctly arcuate (78).

Figures 1-9 from: Liu B, Williams DM (2020) From chaos to order: the life history of Hannaea inaequidentata (Lagerstedt) Genkal and Kharitonov (Bacillariophyta), from initial cells to vegetative cells. PhytoKeys 162: 81-112. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.162.56136

Figures 1-9 Hannaea cf. arcus and Hannaea cf. baicalensis, LM1–7 seven valves showing valve size diminution series for Hannaea cf. arcus8, 9 two valves of Hannaea cf. baicalensis. Scale bar: 10 μm (1, 8).

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Capacity for freshwater acclimation and differences in the transcription of ion transporter genes underlying different migratory life histories of Takifugu fish

The genus Takifugu is a group of approximately 20 species of puffer fishes living in a wide range of salinity environments around East Asian countries. This group presents a broad spectrum of evolutionary stages adapted to anadromy as a result of speciation that occurred a short time (2–5 million years) ago on an evolutionary timescale. This group thus can be considered as a model for studying the evolutionary mechanisms of anadromy. We firstly conducted a transfer experiment from seawater to low-salinity waters on five Takifugu species: two anadromous species T. obscurus and T. ocellatus, two euryhaline wanderer marine species T. rubripes and T. niphobles, and a strictly marine species T. snyderi, and confirmed that the capacity for acclimation to hypotonic environments was associated with their life history strategies. Next, transcriptomes of the gill and intestine of these species in hypotonic condition were compared to those under hypertonic condition for each species using RNA-Sequencing so as to determine possible candidate transporters playing an important role on freshwater adaptation. As this analysis suggested that cftr, encoding an important ion transporter for seawater acclimation in the gill, and ncc, encoding a transporter that is suggested to play important osmoregulatory roles in the intestine, are important candidates, their expression was validated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Expression of cftr was downregulated in the gills of the four euryhaline species under the hypotonic condition, but no change was detected in the gill of stenohaline T. snyderi, which may be one reason for the poor hypotonic acclimation capacity of T. snyderi. Expression of ncc was clearly upregulated in the intestines of the two anadromous species under the hypotonic condition, but not in other three species. Different ion transporter expression patterns between the five species indicate that the transcriptional regulation of cftr in the gill and ncc in the intestine may be important for the improvement of hypotonic acclimation capacity and evolution of anadromy in the Takifugu species.

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

A three year trans-generational plasticity in life history traits

1. Environmental conditions of maternal plants influence adaptive strategies of their progeny via the seed phenotype. Although traditionally, studies have explained patterns of reproduction traits in response to stresses, such as the changes in seed mass and seed germinability under different maternal conditions. However, it is still unclear how maternal effects affect progeny dispersal and germination strategy or how many generations plasticity persists. 2. Plants from diaspore types A and C of the diaspore-heteromorphic annual halophyte Atriplex centralasiatica were grown in low (favorable) vs. high (stressful) salinities over three generations in a fully factorial design. We measured life history traits and reproductive characteristics of progeny plants for a three-year transgenerational plasticity (TGP) experiment covering F0, F1, and F 3. TGP of plants grown in favorable vs. stressful salinities decreased from F2 → F1 → F0. Compared to the favorable condition, the stressful condition decreased the length of the vegetative period, extended length of reproductive time and increased reproductive allocation and size of progeny diaspores. Salinity tolerance and phenotypic plasticity were higher in plants from diaspore A than in those from diaspore C. In the stressful condition, plants produced less plant biomass, larger diaspores, a higher proportion of type C diaspores with dormancy and higher dispersal potential, but lower proportion of type A diaspores with nondormancy and lower dispersal potential. In addition, production of the proportion of type C diaspores increased with increase in number of previous generations that experienced stress. 4. Synthesis: The trade-off of reproductive allocation between diaspores A versus C enables plants to develop divergent strategies via both high diaspore C allocation to disperse progeny spatiotemporally across wide areas in stress conditions and high diaspore A allocation to limit progeny near maternal plants in favorable habitats. These findings provide evidence for the "escape strategy" by which the progeny of A. centralasiatica diffused spatially (dispersal) and temporally (dormancy) by TGP, thus allowing them to survive environmental heterogeneity in their cold desert habitats.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Life history and morphological traits of Lestes sponsa

Phenotypic plasticity can either hinder or promote adaptation to novel environments. Recent studies that have quantified alignments between plasticity, genetic variation and divergence propose that such alignments may reflect constraints that bias future evolutionary trajectories. Here, we emphasize that such alignments may themselves be a result of natural selection and do not necessarily indicate constraints on adaptation. We estimated developmental plasticity and broad sense genetic covariance matrices (G) among damselfly populations situated along a latitudinal gradient in Europe. Damselflies were reared at photoperiod treatments that simulated the seasonal time constraints experienced at northern (strong constraints) and southern (relaxed constraints) latitudes. This allowed us to partition the effects of (1) latitude, (2) photoperiod and (3) environmental novelty on G and its putative alignment with adaptive plasticity and divergence. Environmental novelty and latitude did not affect G, but photoperiod did. Photoperiod increased evolvability in the direction of observed adaptive divergence and developmental plasticity when G was assessed under strong seasonal time constraints at northern (relative to southern) photoperiod. Since selection and adaptation under time constraints is well understood in Lestes damselflies, our results suggest that natural selection can shape the alignment between divergence, plasticity and evolvability.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

N-P utilization of Acer mono leaves at different life history stages across altitudinal gradients

The relationship between plants and the environment is a core area of research in ecology. Owing to differences in plant sensitivity to the environment at different life history stages, the adaptive strategies of plants are a cumulative result of both their life history and environment. Previous research on plant adaptation strategies has focused on adult plants, neglecting saplings or seedlings, which are more sensitive to the environment and largely affect the growth strategy of subsequent life stages. We compared leaf N and P stoichiometric traits of the seedlings, saplings and adult trees of Acer mono Maxim and different altitudes and found significant linear trends for both life history stages and altitude. Leaf N and P content by unit mass were greatly affected by environmental change, and the leaf N and P content by unit area varied greatly by life history stage. A. mono leaf N-P utilization showed a significant allometric growth trend in all life history stages and at low altitudes. The adult stage had higher N-use efficiency than the seedling stage and exhibited an isometric growth trend at high altitudes. The N-P utilization strategies of A. mono leaves are affected by changing environmental conditions but their response is further dependent upon the life history stage of the plant. Thus, this study provides novel insights into the nutrient use strategies of A. mono and how they respond to the environmental temperature, soil moisture content along altitude and how these changes differ among different life history stages, which further provide the scientific basis for the study of plant nutrient utilization strategy on regional scale.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Data from: Sex-specific associations between life history traits and a novel reproductive polymorphism in the Pacific field cricket

Associations between heritable polymorphisms and life-history traits, such as development time or reproductive investment, may play an underappreciated role in maintaining polymorphic systems. This is because selection acting on a particular morph could be bolstered or disrupted by correlated changes in life-history or vice versa. In a Hawaiian population of the Pacific field cricket (Teleogryllus oceanicus), a novel mutation (flatwing) on the X-chromosome is responsible for a heritable polymorphism in male wing structure. We used laboratory cricket colonies fixed for male wing morph to investigate whether males and females bearing the flatwing or normal-wing (wild-type) allele differed in their life-history traits. We found that flatwing males developed faster and had heavier testes than normal-wings, whereas flatwing homozygous females developed slower and had lighter reproductive tissues than normal-wing homozygous females. Our results advance our understanding of the evolution of polymorphisms by demonstrating that the genetic change responsible for a reproductive polymorphism can also have consequences for fundamental life-history traits in both males and females.