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Figure 96 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 96 - Jaw adductor musculature in Heterodontosaurus tucki from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot and Clarens formations of South Africa. Flesh head sculpting over a cast of an adult skull (SAM-PK-K1332) showing surface tissues (anterior half) and select jaw muscles (posterior half). Abbreviations: amep adductor mandibulae externus profundus ames adductor mandibulae externus superficialis amev adductor mandibulae externus ventralis dm depressor mandibulae.
Figure 9 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 9 - More recent heterodontosaurid discoveries from northern locales. A Jaws of Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation in Colorado, USA (based on LACM 115747, 128258; reversed from Butler et al. 2010) B Left dentary in lateral view of an undescribed heterodontosaurid from the Lower Jurassic Kayenta Formation of Arizona (from Sereno et al. unpublished) C Partial skull of Tianyulong confuciusi from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, PRC (STMN 26-3; reversed from Zheng et al. 2009). Abbreviations: a angular ad 9, 10 alveolus for dentary tooth 9, 10 adf anterior dentary foramen antfo antorbital fossa apd articular surface for the predentary d dentary d1, 2, 8 dentary tooth 1, 2, 8 emf external mandibular fenestra en external nares j jugal l lacrimal m maxilla n nasal pd predentary pf prefrontal pm premaxilla po postorbital q quadrate qj quadratojugal sa surangular. Scale bar equals 1 cm in A and C and 5 mm in B.
Figure 89 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 89 - Occlusion and wear between maxillary and dentary teeth in Heterodontosaurus tucki. Reconstruction of left maxillary and dentary teeth in anterior view at different stages of wear A Dentition in a subadult with unworn crowns and near vertical occlusal plane with dashed lines indicating the occlusal surface of a worn crown (based on AMNH 24000) B Worn crowns from the middle of the tooth rows showing labiolingually concave wear facets, which are more concave in dentary than maxillary crowns (based on SAM-PK-K1332). The dentary tooth is shown at the initiation and conclusion of a masticatory stroke, with a dashed line showing the tooth margin hidden from view and registration dots and an arrow indicating tooth movement during occlusion.
Figure 88 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 88 - Hypotheses for jaw movement during tooth-to-tooth occlusion in Heterodontosaurus tucki. Jaw movements (arrows) to account for shearing wear facets during isognathous occlusion (from Crompton and Attridge 1986) A Dorsomedial movement of the lower jaws against stable maxillary tooth rows B Dorsal movement of the lower jaws with lateral flaring of the maxillary tooth rows C Medial rotation of the dentaries pivoting anteriorly at the predentary-dentary joint.
Figure 99 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 99 - Skulls of extant lepidosaurian carnivores. Skulls in left lateral view (from McDowell and Bogert 1954) A Heloderma horridum (beaded lizard) B Varanus varius (lace monitor). Abbreviations: d1 dentary tooth 1 m1 maxillary tooth 1 pm1 premaxillary tooth 1.
Figure 86 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 86 - Dentary teeth of the heterodontosaurid Pegomastax africanus gen. n. sp. n. from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Posterior dentary teeth (SAM-PK-K10488). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B) of left dentary teeth 7-11 in medial view. Hatching indicates broken bone; tone indicates matrix. Scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: be buccal emargination d dentary d7, 11 dentary tooth 7, 11 l left pri primary ridge rt replacement tooth.
Figure 85 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 85 - Dentary teeth of the heterodontosaurid Pegomastax africanus gen. n. sp. n. from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Dentary tooth row (SAM-PK-K10488). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B) of left dentary teeth 1-8 in lateral view. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; grey tone indicates matrix; pink tone indicates wear facets. Scale bars equal 5 mm. Abbreviations: be buccal emargination d1, 2, 5–8 dentary teeth 1, 2 5–8 wf wear facets.
Figure 83 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 83 - Lower jaws of the heterodontosaurid Pegomastax africanus gen. n. sp. n. from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Anterior portion of the lower jaws (SAM-PK-K10488). Stereopair of dentaries and predentary. Scale bar equals 2 cm.
Figure 87 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 87 - Lower jaw of the heterodontosaurid Pegomastax africanus gen. n. sp. n. from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Reconstruction of the predentary and dentary in lateral view (based on SAM-PK-K10488). Dashed lines indicate estimated edges. Abbreviations: adf anterior dentary foramen apd articular surface for the predentary be buccal emargination d dentary d1, 2, 11 dentary teeth 1, 2, 11 emf external mandibular fenestra pd predentary pri primary ridge.
Figure 84 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 84 - Lower jaw of the heterodontosaurid Pegomastax africanus gen. n. sp. n. from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Predentary and dentaries (SAM-PK-K10488). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B) of the predentary and anterior portion of the dentaries in ventrolateral view. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; grey tone indicates matrix. Scale bars equal 1 cm. Abbreviations: adf anterior dentary foramen apd articular surface for the predentary d dentary d1 dentary tooth 1 l left pd predentary r right sym symphysis t tooth vf vascular foramen.
Figure 82 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 82 - Partial skull of the heterodontosaurid Pegomastax africanus gen. n. sp. n. from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Partial skull (SAM-PK-K10488). Photograph (A) and line drawing (B) of the partial skull preserving the postorbital and anterior portion lower jaws. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 2 cm. Abbreviations: adf anterior dentary foramen apd articular surface for the predentary cp coronoid process d dentary d1, 2, 8, 11 dentary tooth 1, 2, 8, 11 di diastema l left Mc Meckel's canal pd predentary po postorbital pr posterior ramus pra prearticular r right rt replacement tooth sym symphysis t tooth vr ventral ramus.
Figure 81 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 81 - Partial skull of Manidens condorensis from the Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Argentina. Skull reconstructions in lateral view A Reversed from Pol et al. (2011) B This study. Dashed lines indicate estimated edges. Abbreviations: a angular antfo antorbital fossa asaf anterior surangular foramen be buccal emargination bo basioccipital bt basal tubera d dentary d1, 2, 11 dentary tooth 1, 2, 11 emfo external mandibular fossa f frontal gl glenoid gr groove j jugal jfl jugal flange jh jugal horn m maxilla m1, 11 maxillary tooth 1, 11 n nasal pd predentary pm premaxilla po postorbital pof postorbital fossa popr paroccipital process q quadrate qj quadratojugal ri ridge sa surangular sq squamosal.
Figure 80 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 80 - Skull of the heterodontosaurid Lycorhinus angustidens from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Skull reconstruction based on the holotypic dentary (SAM-PK-K3606) and referred specimens (NHMUK RU A100, BP/1/4244). Dashed lines indicate estimated edges. Abbreviations: adi arched diastema antfo antorbital fossa be buccal emargination d dentary d1-3, 15 dentary teeth 1–3, 15 fo foramen j jugal m maxilla m1, 14, 15 maxillary tooth 1, 14, 15 nf narial fossa pd predentary pm premaxilla pm1, 3 premaxilla tooth 1, 3.
Figure 8 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 8 - Skeletal remains of Manidens condorensis from the Middle Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. Drawings of major cranial (A) and postcranial (B) blocks (from Pol et al. 2011). Stipple indicates matrix; hatching indicates broken bone; grey tone in A shades the right maxilla, left lower jaw and other bones to highlight the right lower jaw. Scale bars equal 1 cm. Abbreviations: a angular d dentary d1, 3 dentary tooth 1, 3 dv dorsal vertebra gl glenoid il ilium is ischium m maxilla ppp postpubic process prap preacetabular process sa surangular.
Figure 79 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 79 - Lower jaw of the heterodontosaurid Lycorhinus angustidens from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Posterior end of the lower jaw of an adult individual (NHMUK RU A100). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B) of the posterior end of the right lower jaw in lateral view. Dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Scale bars equal 2 cm. Abbreviations: a angular asaf anterior surangular foramen cp coronoid process d dentary emfo external mandibular fossa sa surangular sp splenial.
Figure 78 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 78 - Lower jaw of the heterodontosaurid Lycorhinus angustidens from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Anterior end of the lower jaw of an adult individual (NHMUK RU A100). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B) of the anterior end of the left lower jaw in medial view. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Scale bars equal 2 cm in A and 1 cm in B. Abbreviations: d dentary d1, 2 dentary tooth 1, 2 imf internal mandibular fenestra sp splenial sym symphysis.
Figure 77 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 77 - Maxilla of the heterodontosaurid Lycorhinus angustidens from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Maxilla of an adult individual with worn teeth (NHMUK RU A100). A Stereopair of the right maxilla in lateral view B Close-up view of the ascending ramus C Close-up view of the worn crowns of maxillary teeth 6–8. Scale bars equal 2 cm in A, 3 cm in B, and 1 cm in C.
Figure 76 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 76 - Premaxilla of the heterodontosaurid Lycorhinus angustidens from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Premaxilla of an adult individual with worn teeth (NHMUK RU A100). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B) of the right premaxilla in medial view. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; grey tone indicates matrix; pink tone indicates wear facets. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Abbreviations: adi arched diastema amap articular surface for the maxillary anterior process apm articular surface for the opposing premaxilla en external nares fo foramen pm1, 3 premaxilla tooth 1, 3 wfpd wear facet from predentary bill.
Figure 75 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 75 - Upper jaw of the heterodontosaurid Lycorhinus angustidens from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Premaxilla and maxilla of an adult individual with worn teeth (NHMUK RU A100). Right premaxilla and maxilla in medial and lateral views, respectively. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; grey tone indicates matrix; pink tone indicates wear facets. Scale bar equals 2 cm. Abbreviations: adi arched diastema aj articular surface for the jugal al articular surface for the lacrimal am14 alveolus for maxillary tooth 14 amap articular surface for the maxillary anterior process antfo antorbital fossa apm articular surface for the opposing premaxilla arm ascending ramus of the maxilla be buccal emargination d2 dentary tooth 2 en external nares fo foramen fos fossa lewf leading edge of the wear facet m maxilla m1, 8 maxillary tooth 1, 8 pm premaxilla pm1, 3 premaxilla tooth 1, 3 pr process r right wfpd wear facet from predentary bill.
Figure 74 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 74 - Block with remains of the heterodontosaurid Lycorhinus angustidens from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Bottom view of block (NHMUK RU A100) showing portions of the right and left lower jaws. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Scale bar equals 3 cm. Abbreviations: a angular d dentary d1, 2 dentary tooth 1, 2 emfo external mandibular fossa imf internal mandibular fenestra l left r right sa surangular sp splenial sym symphysis.
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