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Figure 4 in Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Figure 4. Map of the geographical distribution of Listrura in the southernmost portion of the Atlantic Forest.

Figure 7 in Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Figure 7. Listrura urussanga sp. nov., UFRJ 6914, holotype, 35.5 mm SL: (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view.

Figure 2 in Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Figure 2. Head of Listrura gyrinura sp. nov., UFRJ 6927, holotype, 39.9 mm SL: (a) dorsal view; (b) ventral view.

Figure 6 in Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Figure 6. Listrura urussanga sp. nov., UFRJ 6914, holotype, 35.5 mm SL: (a) left lateral view; (b) dorsal view; (c) ventral view.

Figure 5 in Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Figure 5. Detailed view of the type locality of: (a) Listrura gyrinura sp. nov.; (b) Listrura urussanga sp. nov.

Figure 3 in Field studies in small streams of the Atlantic Forest of southern subtropical Brazil reveal two new interstitial microcambevine catfishes of the genus Listrura (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)

Figure 3. Osteological structures of: (a–c) Listrura gyrinura sp. nov.; (d–f) Listrura urussanga sp. nov.: (a, d) mesethmoidal region and adjacent structures, left and middle portions, dorsal view; (b, e) left suspensorium and opercular series, lateral view; (c, f) parurohyal, ventral view. Abbreviations of structures indicated by arrows are: aap, articular autopalatine process; ppp, parurohyal posterior process. Larger stippling represents cartilaginous areas.

Figure 10 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 10. Palaeogeographic map of the Early Miocene, 20 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3). Siluridae have originated. Dashed arrows show the major dispersal routes of Gangesiinae. Range expansion of Siluridae into northern Africa allowed host-shifting into Malapteruridae. Dispersal and diversification of Gangesiinae, especially Gangesia, continued in the Indomalayan region and extended to north-east Asia. The rectangular box with an 'x' mark inside it indicates the absence of gangesiine tapeworms in catfish hosts. Sigmoid marks indicate the presence of Gangesiinae in catfish hosts.

Figure 8 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 8. Palaeogeographic map of the Late Aptian, 115 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3), showing the origin of the Siluriformes (catfishes) in South America with subsequent dispersal to Africa or an origin in Gondwana when Africa and South America were still united, followed by vicariance. The presence of siluriforms in India during this time is questionable. Siluriforms are absent from Eurasia at this time (see text for discussion). The '?' mark on the catfish in Africa indicates the uncertainty about the Gangesiinae in catfishes on that landmass at the time. The '?' mark on the Indian landmass (IND) indicates that it is uncertain if catfishes were present on that landmass at the time. Abbreviations: AUS, Australian region; INM, Indomalayan region; PAL, Palaearctic region.

Figure 9 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 9. Palaeogeographic map of the Middle Eocene, 40 Mya (C. Scotese, Palaeoatlas, v.3). Siluroid hosts of some major lineages of Gangesiinae are already present: Malapterurus in Africa, and Rita and Pangasius in Asia. Families of other siluroid hosts of Gangesiinae, such as Schilbeidae and Bagridae, have also originated by this time. Silurus is yet to appear. Gangesiinae have originated in the Indomalayan region by this time but are absent in Europe and Africa. Their presence in siluroids outside the Indomalayan region during this time is uncertain. Rectangular boxes with 'x' marks inside them indicate the absence of gangesiine tapeworms in catfish hosts. The '?' mark on catfishes indicates that the presence of Gangesiinae in these hosts is uncertain. Sigmoid marks indicate the presence of Gangesiinae in catfish hosts.

Figure 7 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 7. Present-day distribution of major lineages (genera) of Gangesiinae, showing varying levels of disjunct distribution in Electrotaenia, Gangesia, Postgangesia and Silurotaenia, and the endemic nature of other genera such as Pangasiocestus, Ritacestus and Vermaia.

Figure 6 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Gangesia mukutmanipurensis sp. nov. from Ompok bimaculatus. A, scolex, subapical view. B, scolex, dorsoventral view. C, detail of rostellum-like organ. D, sucker with coniform spinitriches on the outer rim. E, F, detail of outer rim of the sucker with coniform spinitriches. G, detail of capilliform filitriches on the rostellumlike organ. H, detail of coniform spinitriches on the rostellum-like organ. I, detail of gladiate spinitriches on the neck region.

Figure 5 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 5. Line drawings of Gangesia mukutmanipurensis sp. nov. from Ompok bimaculatus (specimen accession number in parentheses). A, scolex, subapical view (ZSI/W11086/1). B, C, scolex, dorsoventral view (ZSI/W11085/1 and ZSI/W11082/1/1). D, frontal section of the scolex (ZSI/W11087/1). E, mature proglottid, ventral view (ZSI/W11084/1). F, terminal genitalia (ZSI/W11083/1/2). G, egg drawn in distilled water. Abbreviations: cc, chromophil cell; cs, cirrus-sac; doc, dorsal osmoregulatory canal; eh, embryonic hook; em, embryophore; ga, genital atrium; mi, microtriches; oc, osmoregulatory canal; oe, outer envelope; on, oncosphere; ov, ovary; re, retractor muscles; ro, rostellum-like organ; su, sucker; te, testes; up, uterine pore; va, vagina; vf, vitelline follicles; voc, ventral osmoregulatory canal; vs, vaginal sphincter.

Figure 1 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 1. Phylogenetic interrelationships of basal groups of Onchoproteocephalidea with focus on the subfamilies Gangesiinae and Acanthotaeniinae based on the maximum likelihood analysis of the single gene lsrDNA (above) and COI (below) datasets. Nodal values depict SH-like approximated likelihood ratio test values (SH-aLRT) (10 000 replicates) followed by standard bootstrap values (1 000 replicates). Only values above 50 are shown. The subfamilies Acanthotaeniinae (green) and Gangesiinae (blue), along with the outgroups (grey), are set in colour.

Figure 2 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic interrelationships of basal groups of Onchoproteocephalidea with focus on the subfamilies Gangesiinae and Acanthotaeniinae based on the maximum likelihood analysis of concatenated lsrDNA + COI data. Nodal values depict SH-like approximated likelihood ratio test values (SH-aLRT) (10 000 replicates) followed by standard bootstrap values (1000 replicates). Only values above 50 are shown. The subfamilies Acanthotaeniinae (green) and Gangesiinae (blue), along with the outgroups (grey), are set in colour.

Figure 3 in The evolution of an ancient tapeworm lineage in its catfish hosts: vicariance, dispersal and diversification in Gangesiinae (Cestoda: Proteocephalidae)

Figure 3. Simplified relationships among the genera of the subfamilies Gangesiinae and Acanthotaeniinae after collapsing nodes with SH-aLRT ≤ 80% and BS ≤ 70–80% on the phylogenetic tree in Figure 2. This simplified tree, having essentially similar topology once the poorly supported nodes on the lsrDNA tree are collapsed, provides the basis for discussions of historical biogeography.

FIGURE 3 in Pseudolaguvia permaris, a new catfish from the Eastern Ghats of India (Teleostei: Sisoridae)

FIGURE 3. Map showing the type locality of Pseudolaguvia permaris at Kuakhai River, Khordha district, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

FIGURE 6 in Pseudolaguvia permaris, a new catfish from the Eastern Ghats of India (Teleostei: Sisoridae)

FIGURE 6. Pseudolaguvia aff. assula, CAS-SU 41996, 21.6 mm SL, Chhattisgarh, Manigari River at Mungeli, India. Photograph courtesy of Heok Hee Ng.

FIGURE 5 in Pseudolaguvia permaris, a new catfish from the Eastern Ghats of India (Teleostei: Sisoridae)

FIGURE 5. Thoracic adhesive apparatus of Pseudolaguvia species, A. Pseudolaguvia permaris, ZSI/EBRC/F-14208, B. Pseudolaguvia ribeiroi, CIARI/FF-84, C. Pseudolaguvia kapuri, CIARI/FF-74, D. Pseudolaguvia muricata, CIARI/FF-83.

FIGURE 4 in Pseudolaguvia permaris, a new catfish from the Eastern Ghats of India (Teleostei: Sisoridae)

FIGURE 4. Habitat at the type locality of Pseudolaguvia permaris at Kuakhai River, Khordha district, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

FIGURE 2. Pseudolaguvia permaris, a in Pseudolaguvia permaris, a new catfish from the Eastern Ghats of India (Teleostei: Sisoridae)

FIGURE 2. Pseudolaguvia permaris, a. holotype, ZSI/EBRC/F-14208, 26.6 mm SL, b. Unregistered live specimen showing olive-green colouration.