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Figure 6 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 6 - Cranial remains of Pisanosaurus mertii from the Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina. Drawings of a partial right maxilla in medial view (A) and right lower jaw (reversed) in lateral view (B) (from Bonaparte 1976). Dashed lines indicate estimated sutures and edges. Scale bar equals 2 cm in B. Abbreviations: a angular apd articular surface for the predentary be buccal emargination cp coronoid process d dentary emfo external mandibular fossa sa surangular.
Figure 54 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 54 - Tooth structure in Ouranosaurus nigeriensis from the mid-Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Successive horizontal computed-tomographic sections in cutaway view of a worn maxillary tooth showing internal structure (MNBH GAD28) A Maxillary tooth in distal view showing the location of horizontal cross-sections B Maxillary tooth in apical view (labial toward top of page) C Cross-section (labial toward top of page) through mid crown D Cross-section (labial toward top of page) through base of the crown E Cross-section (labial toward top of page) through proximal portion of the root. Abbreviations: cpc collapsed pulp cavity den dentine e enamel pc pulp cavity pri primary ridge rt root sri secondary ridge wf wear facet.
Figure 60 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 60 - Jaws of Heterodontosaurus tucki from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot and Clarens formations of South Africa. Reconstruction of upper and lower jaws showing the dentition with heavy wear (based on SAM-PK-K1332). Dashes indicate estimated edges; pink tone indicates wear facets A Upper dentition and anterior palate in ventral view B Lower dentition, dentary symphysis and predentary in dorsal view. Abbreviations: adi arched diastema be buccal emargination d dentary d1, 2, 11 dentary tooth 1, 2, 11 fo foramen m maxilla m1, 11 maxillary tooth 1, 11 pd predentary pm premaxilla pm1, 3 premaxillary tooth 1, 3 spl secondary palate sym symphysis symt symphyseal trough v vomer.
Figure 57 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 57 - Skull of Heterodontosaurus tucki from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot and Clarens formations of South Africa. Previous skull reconstructions in left lateral view A From Charig and Crompton (1974) B Reversed from Weishampel (1984).
Figure 53 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 53 - Tooth structure in Ouranosaurus nigeriensis from the mid-Cretaceous Elrhaz Formation of Niger. Successive coronal computed-tomographic sections in cutaway view of a worn maxillary tooth showing internal structure (MNBH GAD28) A Maxillary tooth in labial view showing the location of coronal cross-sections B Maxillary tooth in distal view showing the division between crown and root and the fossa for an adjacent replacement tooth C Section through mesial portion of crown D Section through mid section of crown. Abbreviations: cpc collapsed pulp cavity cr crown den dentine dent denticle e enamel es erosional surface frt fossa for replacement tooth pc pulp cavity pri primary ridge rt root wf wear facet.
Figure 31 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 31 - Skull of Abrictosaurus consors from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B) of skull in left lateral view (NHMUK RU B54). Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Scale bars equal 2 cm. Abbreviations: a angular adf anterior dentary foramen aj articular scar for the jugal antfo antorbital fossa apmf anterior premaxillary foramen be buccal emargination d dentary d1, d14 dentary tooth 1, 14 imf internal mandibular fenestra j jugal l lacrimal or left m maxilla Mc Meckel's canal mph manual phalanges pap palpebral pd predentary pm premaxilla pm1, 3 premaxillary tooth 1, 3 po postorbital pra prearticular q quadrate qj quadratojugal r right sa surangular scr scleral ring sp splenial un ungual.
Figure 32 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 32 - Snout of Abrictosaurus consors from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot Formation of South Africa. Stereopair of anterior end of skull in left lateral view (NHMUK RU B54). Scale bar equals 5 mm.
Figure 30 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 30 - Skeleton of the heterodontosaurid Tianyulong confuciusi from the Lower Cretaceous Jehol Group of China. Silhouette skeletal reconstruction in lateral view showing preserved bones and integumental fibers (based on IVPP V17090). Distal most caudal vertebrae unknown.
Figure 3 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 3 - Early heterodontosaurid discoveries from southern Africa. A Drawing of the left dentary of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (SAM-PK-K3606) in lateral view (from Haughton 1924) B Drawing of the left dentary of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (SAM-PK-K3606) in medial view (reversed from Haughton 1924) C Left dentary teeth 3-10 in lateral view based on a natural cast (UCRC PVC10) of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (from Hopson 1980) D Stereopair of a natural silicone cast of the holotype of Lycorhinus angustidens (UCRC PVC10). Abbreviations: 3-10 dentary tooth 3-10 Fa-j tooth-to-tooth wear facet a-j f accessory facet. Scale bars equal 1 cm in C and 3 cm in D.
Figure 2 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 2 - Early heterodontosaurid discoveries. A Lithographic drawing of the right and left premaxillae and the anterior portion of the left maxilla in lateral view of Echinodon becklesii (NHMUK 48209; from Owen 1861) B Drawing of lower jaws in dorsal view of Geranosaurus atavus (SAM-PK-K1871; from Broom 1911) C Photograph of the posterior portion of a subadult skull in right lateral view of Heterodontosaurus tucki (AMNH 24000). Scale bars equal 1 cm in A and 2 cm in B and C.
Figure 17 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 17 - Dentary end of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Anterior end of the left dentary in lateral view (NHMUK 48215b). Stereopair (A) and line drawing (B). Scale bar equals 5 mm. Hatching indicates broken bone; dashed lines indicate estimated edges; tone indicates matrix. Abbreviations: ad2, 3 alveolus for dentary tooth 2, 3 adf anterior dentary foramen apd articular surface for the predentary be buccal emargination d4dentary tooth 4 vc vascular canal.
Figure 104 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 104 - More inclusive phylogenetic hypothesis for heterodontosaurids. Parsimony analysis of Pol et al. (2011) based on character data modified from Butler et al. (2009). The analysis includes the South American genus Manidens and the Asian genus Tianyulong. Some terminal taxa in the original analysis are collapsed into suprageneric taxa; red text indicates heterodontosaurid taxa; "BMNH A100" is now catalogued as NHMUK RU A100.
Figure 13 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 13 - Maxilla of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Part (NHMUK 48210) and counterpart (NHMUK 48209) of a block preserving portions of the snout of a skull. A, B Part preserving the posterior portion of the left maxilla and portions of the left lacrimal, jugal and ectopterygoid in medial view (NHMUK 48210; reversed from Owen 1861). C, D Counterpart preserving portions of the right and left premaxillae and the anterior portion of the left maxilla in lateral view (NHMUK 48209; from Owen 1861). A red asterisk marks a crown on the part (A) and its impression on the counterpart (C). Abbreviations: idt impressions of dentary teeth imt impressions of maxillary teeth l left m maxilla pm premaxilla.
Figure 107 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 107 - Biogeographic distribution in time for heterodontosaurids included in the phylogenetic analysis. Localities for included taxa are plotted on an Early Cretaceous (Berriasian-Valanginian) paleogeographic map (Smith et al. 1994) and recent time scale (Gradstein and Ogg 2009). Abbreviations for taxon localities and biogeographic areas: 1 Echinodon 2 Fruitadens 3 Kayenta heterodontosaurid 4 Tianyulong 5 Manidens 6 Abrictosaurus, Lycorhinus, Heterodontosaurus, Pegomastax A Africa As Asia E Europe NA North America SA South America.
Figure 101 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 101 - Flesh reconstruction of the head and neck of Heterodontosaurus tucki from the Lower Jurassic Upper Elliot and Clarens formations of South Africa. Flesh head and neck and skull reconstructions with similar gape. The flesh reconstruction was modeled over a skull cast with skin texture based on bone surface details in the skull of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) and bristles based on those preserved in Tianyulong confuciusi (STMN 26-3). Reconstructions by Tyler Keillor.
Figure 100 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 100 - . Bone and keratinous sheath in the upper bill of a parrot. Skull of the budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus (UCRC R1) with keratinous sheath of upper bill A Lateral view B Magnified anterolateral view. Scale bar equals 1cm in B. Abbreviations: ab attachment platform for bill ama area of muscle attachment b bill sym symphysis.
Figure 10 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 10 - Cheek tooth terminology. A Postcaniniform maxillary or dentary tooth in labial or lingual view, respectively. B Postcaniniform maxillary or dentary tooth in distal view. C Pair of worn postcaniniform maxillary or dentary teeth in proximal or distal view showing low-angle (left) and high-angle (right) wear facets (red line). The angle of incidence (dashed line) of each wear facet (red line) is measured away from the vertical axis of the crown. Abbreviations: ad apical denticle cd cingular denticle cel cingular ectoloph ci cingulum dbd distal basal denticle dicf distal intercingular fossa dmri distal marginal ridge dpcf distal paracingular fossa mbd mesial basal denticle mpcf mesial paracingular fossa ne neck pri primary ridge rt root sri secondary ridge wf wear facet.
Figure 106 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 106 - Evolution of key masticatory specializations among heterodontosaurids. A Heterodontosauridae B Simple-crowned heterodontosaurids C Heterodontosaurinae D Advanced heterodontosaurines E Abrictosaurus and Heterodontosaurus F Heterodontosaurus. Abbreviations: 1 arched inset diastema 2 heterodont dentition with caniniform teeth 3 cingular ectoloph 4 postcaniniform diastema 5 external mandibular fossa 6 lowered jaw articulation 7 mobile predentary articulating against saddle-shaped dentary articular surface 8 increased differential in crown size 9 arched alveolar margins in cheek dentition 10 asymmetrical enamel 11 hollow crown base.
Figure 1 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 1 - Heterodontosaurid localities. A Locality (red dot) for Echinodon becklesii on the southern coast of England B Heterodontosaurid localities in South Africa and Lesotho. Locality(ies)/taxon identification: Nosi/Abrictosaurus consors; Mlamli, Tushielaw, Tyinindini/Heterodontosaurus tucki; Bamboeskloof Farm, Buck Camp, Paballong/Lycorhinus angustidens; Maboloka/Heterodontosauridae incertae sedis; Voyizane/ Pegomastax africanus gen. n. sp. n.
Figure 19 from: Sereno P (2012) Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. ZooKeys 226: 1-225. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.226.2840
Figure 19 - Skull of Echinodon becklesii from the Lower Cretaceous Purbeck Formation of England. Skull reconstructions in left lateral view. A From Galton (1978). B This study. Dashed lines indicate estimated edges and sutures. Abbreviations: adf anterior dentary foramen adi arched diastema apmf anterior premaxillary foramen be buccal emargination cp coronoid process d dentary d1, 2, 11 dentary tooth 1, 2, 11 fo foramen j jugal l lacrimal m maxilla m1, 2, 8 maxillary tooth 1, 2, 8 pd predentary pm premaxilla pm1, 3 premaxillary tooth 1, 3.
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