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Figs. 1–8. 1–5, 7. Mesocynips insignis. 1 in Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Revision of the Subfamily Dallatorrellinae (Hymenoptera: Liopteridae)
Figs. 1–8. 1–5, 7. Mesocynips insignis. 1. Head in frontal view; 2. Head and pronotum in dorsal view; 3. Mesosoma in lateral view; 4. Posterior part of mesoscutum and mesoscutellum in dorsal view; 5. Metatibia in laterodorsal view; 7. Forewing. 6, 8: Dallatorrella albata. 6. Metatibia in laterodorsal view; 8. Forewing.
Figs. 22–27. 22, 24, 26 in Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Revision of the Subfamily Dallatorrellinae (Hymenoptera: Liopteridae)
Figs. 22–27. 22, 24, 26: Dallatorrella maxima. 22. Head in frontal view; 24. Mesoscutellum; 26. Metatibia in laterodorsal view. 23, 25, 27: Dallatorrella pulla. 23. Head in frontal view; 25. Mesoscutellum; 27. Metatibia in laterodorsal view.
Figs. 16–21. 16, 18 in Phylogeny, Biogeography, and Revision of the Subfamily Dallatorrellinae (Hymenoptera: Liopteridae)
Figs. 16–21. 16, 18: Dallatorrella albata. 16. Vertex; 18. Head and mesosoma in lateral view. 17, 19: Dallatorrella maculata. 17. Vertex; 19. Head and mesosoma in lateral view. 20, 21: Dallatorrella maxima. 20. Head and pronotum in dorsal view; 21. Mesosoma in lateral view.
Fig. 4 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 4. Dorsal views of the right astragali of three ungulates. Line drawings are on page facing the stereopairs. Lateral is to the left, proximal is toward the top of the page, and the scale represent 10 mm. A. Right astragalus of the artiodactyl Archaeotherium sp. (AMNH 1277). Note the deeply grooved trochlea, absence of the lateral process, and the large cuboid facet that faces distally. This view is more accurately described as anterior because of the digitigrade posture of all artiodactyls. B. Right astragalus of the mesonychid Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). The astragalus of Pachyaena has an astragalar foramen, a lateral process (broken in this specimen), and a small, distolaterally facing cuboid facet. C. Left astragalus (photos reversed for comparison) of Phenacodus sp. (AMNH 15262). Note the pronounced lateral process. Abbreviations: af, astragalar foramen; an, astragalar neck; cuf, articular facet for the cuboid; lp, lateral process; ltr, lateral trochlear ridge; mtr, medial trochlear ridge; naf, articular facet for the navicular; tr, trochlea (which is also the lateral part of the tibial articular surface).
Fig. 7 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 7. Dorsal views of the right ankles of two ungulates. Lateral is to the left, proximal is toward the top of the page, and the scale bars represent 10 mm. Arrows indicate the dorsal edge of the cuboid's articular facet for the calcaneus. A. Ankle of Archaeotherium (AMNH 1277). Note the distinct step between the articulation of the cuboid with the calcaneus and its articulation with the astragalus. The calcaneus will move farther down the face of the cuboid during dorsal flexion. B. Ankle of Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). Note that the cuboid articulates with the calcaneus and the astragalus in nearly the same transverse plane. Abbreviations: ast, astragalus; cal, calcaneus; cub, cuboid.
Fig. 3 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 3. Oblique posterolateral view of the right occipital condyle of Poebrotherium (AMNH 42257), with right and left stereopair views. The occipital condyle is divided into dorsal and ventral halves by a transverse ridge. The occipital ridge is a potential synapomorphy of Artiodactyla. Scale bar is 10 mm in length. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; or, occipital ridge; tb, tympanic bulla.
Fig. 11 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 11. The moleculebased tree from Gatesy et al. (1999a) with the degree (number of steps) that the data in appendix 3 contradict phylogenetic hypotheses depicted in this tree. Clade names are placed immediately below and to the left of their respective nodes, while branch support values are placed above and to the left. Negative values indicate that these groupings do not occur in the most parsimonious trees. Taxa abbreviations: AF, Artiofabula; CR, Cetruminantia; W, Whippomorpha.
Fig. 6 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 6. Proximal views of the cuboids of Archaeotherium and Pachyaena, with right and left stereopair views. Plantar is toward the top of the page, lateral is to the left, and the scale bars represent 10 mm. A. Right cuboid of the artiodactyl Archaeotherium (AMNH 1277). Note the distinct step between the articular facets for the astragalus and cuboid, a morphology common to all artiodactyls. B. Right cuboid of Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). Note the wide articular facet for the cuboid. Abbreviations: asf, articular facet for the astragalus; caf, articular facet for the calcaneus.
Fig. 2 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 2. Representative morphologies for the lingual margin of P4. Labial is toward the top of the page, anterior is to the left, and the scale bars represent 10 mm. A. The third and fourth upper premolars of the artiodactyl Elomeryx armatus (AMNH 582). Note the presence of a prominent entocingulum that nearly encircles the base of the protocone. An entocingulum on P4 is widely distributed among basal artiodactyl taxa; therefore, it is a potential synapomorphy of Artiodactyla. B. The third and fourth upper premolars of the mesonychid Harpagolestes orientalis (AMNH 26300). Note the complete absence of an entocingulum on P4. Abbreviations: en, entocingulum; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar.
Fig. 5 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 5. Plantar views of the right astragali of three ungulates. Line drawings are on page facing the stereopairs. Lateral is to the right, proximal is toward the top of the page, and the scale bars represent 10 mm. A. Plantar view of the right astragalus of the artiodactyl Archaeotherium sp. (AMNH 1277). Note the wide and laterally positioned sustentacular facet, absence of the interarticular sulcus, and the laterally facing ectal facet. B. Right astragalus of the mesonychid Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). The astragalus of Pachyaena has a small and medially positioned sustentacular facet, an astragalar canal leading into an interarticular sulcus, and a large plantarfacing ectal facet. C. Left astragalus (photos reversed for comparison) of Phenacodus sp. (AMNH 15262). The astragalus of Phenacodus is very similar to that of Pachyaena except for an occluded astragalar canal and the absence of an articular facet with the cuboid. Abbreviations: ac, astragalar canal; cuf, articular facet for the cuboid; ecf, ectal facet; ins, interarticular sulcus; naf, articular facet for the navicular; suf, sustentacular facet.
Fig. 10. A in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 10. A. One of two most parsimonious trees based on the morphological data in appendix 3, if all extinct taxa and their character codings are excluded from the phylogenetic analysis. Sus and Tayassu do not form a clade in the other shortest tree; instead, Tayassu is the sister group to Neoselenodontia and Equus. Tree A has a length of 483 steps. B. The most parsimonious tree based on all data in appendix 3; unlike tree A, all taxa were included in the analysis (see fig. 8). The extinct taxa were pruned from the tree in fig. 8 to produce tree B, and the length was recalculated as 490 steps with all extinct taxa and their codings removed. C. The most parsimonious tree from the WHIPPO2 matrix of Gatesy et al. (1999a); by using the data for extant taxa only in appendix 3, the tree length is 499 steps. Unlike O'Leary and Geisler (1999), if all extinct taxa are excluded, the most parsimonious trees still exclude Cetacea from the clade including all extant artiodactyls (tree A). Even though the topology of the most parsimonious tree for the morphology matrix does not have a monophyletic Artiodactyla (tree A), the hypothesis based on all taxa (tree B) is still more parsimonious than a moleculebased hypothesis (tree C) by 16 steps. Bold branches in trees denote the clade that includes all extant artiodactyls; taxa in bold are extant cetaceans. Cetacea is excluded from the artiodactyl clade in trees A and B, while it is included within the artiodactyl clade in tree C.
Fig. 1 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 1. Previous phylogenetic hypotheses for artiodactyls, cetaceans, and mesonychids. Taxa not included in this study were pruned from each tree, and taxa shared between the previous two studies are in boldface. A. The most parsimonious tree for the morphological data analyzed by O'Leary and Geisler (1999). Note that Artiodactyla, Neoselenodontia, and Suiformes are monophyletic. B. The strict consensus of the shortest trees for the WHIPPO2 molecular data set of Gatesy et al. (1999a). Unlike O'Leary and Geisler (1999), Artiodactyla, Neoselenodontia, and Suiformes are paraphyletic, while Whippomorpha, Cetruminantia, and Artiofabula are monophyletic.
Fig. 9 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae
Fig. 9. The phylogeny within Artiodactyla, enlarged from the strict consensus shown in figure 8. Ruminantia is monophyletic in all most parsimonious trees as well as the superfamilies or families Cameloidea, Camelidae, Oreodontoidea, Protoceratidae, and Hippopotamidae. Taxon abbreviations: CA, Cameloidea; H, Hippopotamidae; L, Camelidae; N, Neoselenodontia; O, Oreodontoidea; R, Ruminantia; ''S'', Suina, which is paraphyletic because it excludes Perchoerus; T, Protoceratidae; U, Suiformes.
FIG. 4 in Arambourgthurus, a new genus of hypurostegic surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) from the Oligocene of Iran, with a phylogeny of the Nasinae
FIG. 4. — Arambourgthurus scombrurus (Arambourg), reconstruction of the spiny dorsal fin and its pterygiophores, the abdominal vertebrae, and the first two caudal vertebrae of the holotype, MNHN 1939-6-5 (EIP5), c. 85 mm SL. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 3 in Arambourgthurus, a new genus of hypurostegic surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) from the Oligocene of Iran, with a phylogeny of the Nasinae
FIG. 3. — Arambourgthurus scombrurus (Arambourg), reconstruction of the paratype, MNHN 1939-6-7g (EIP7g), 146 mm SL. Scale bar: 20 mm.
FIG. 6 in Arambourgthurus, a new genus of hypurostegic surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) from the Oligocene of Iran, with a phylogeny of the Nasinae
FIG. 6. — Cladogram of the relationships of the lower acanthurids (Nasinae), with numbers corresponding to those in the section "Analysis of characters": 1-1, short non-protruding first dorsal-fin spine; 2-1, three or fewer pelvic-fin rays; 3-1, dorsal pterygial shield (3-0, reversal to dorsal pterygial shield absent); 4-1, small uroneural; 5-1, hypurals one through four fused; 6-1, shallow caudal peduncle; 7-1, two dorsal pterygiophores in preneural space; 8-1, no vacant interneural spaces; 8-2, two vacant interneural spaces; 8-3, three vacant interneural spaces; 9-1, second interneural space vacant; 10-1, extensive hypurostegy; 11-1, supraneural present; 12-1, opercular dilator process; 13-1, anal pterygial shield; 14-1, narrow pelvis. Ages of genera: Naso, Recent; Eonaso, unknown but probably far more recent than Eocene; Arambourgthurus, Oligocene; Sorbinithurus, Eocene; Marosichthys, Miocene.
FIG. 2 in Arambourgthurus, a new genus of hypurostegic surgeonfish (Acanthuridae) from the Oligocene of Iran, with a phylogeny of the Nasinae
FIG. 2. — Arambourgthurus scombrurus (Arambourg), paratype, MNHN 1939-6-7g (EIP7g), 146 mm SL, Oligocene of Iran. Scale bar: 20 mm.
Fig. 2 in A Molecular Perspective on the Phylogeny of the Girdled Lizards (Cordylidae, Squamata)
Fig. 2. Tree based on relative cost parameters (transitions: transversions: gaps) at 1: 2: 1. Numbers on internal stems are Bremer values.
Fig. 1 in A Molecular Perspective on the Phylogeny of the Girdled Lizards (Cordylidae, Squamata)
Fig. 1. Tree based on relative cost parameters (transitions: transversions: gaps) at 1: 1: 1. Numbers on internal stems are Bremer values.
Fig. 5 in A Molecular Perspective on the Phylogeny of the Girdled Lizards (Cordylidae, Squamata)
Fig. 5. Tree based on scale structure evidence of Harvey and Gutberlet (1995). A: macrohoneycomb present on venter; B: macrohoneycomb present on dorsal scales; C: flaplike free margins associated with the cellridge system; D: short ridgelike projections in the center of the oberhautchen cells.
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