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FIG. 15 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 15. — Prostrepsiceros cf. vinayaki (Pilgrim, 1939) from Maragheh: A-C, left horn-core (MNHN.F.MAR1005) in dorsal (A), frontal (B) and lateral (C) views; D, E, left horn-core (MNHN.F.MAR1003) in caudal (D) and frontal (E) views. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 17 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 17. — Protragelaphus skouzesi Dames, 1883 crania from Maragheh: A, MNHN.F.MAR1307 in lateral view; B-D, MNHN.F.MAR1397 in lateral (B), ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 13 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 13. — Comparison between Prostrepsiceros fraasi (Andree, 1926) (A-D) and Prostrepsiceros houtumschindleri (Rodler & Weithofer, 1890) (E-H) from Maragheh:A, frontlet (MNHN.F.MAR1010) in lateral view; B, C, cranium (MNHN.F.MAR1310) in lateral (B) and occipital (C) views; D, frontlet (MNHN.F.MAR1306) in dorsal view; E, G, H, cranium (MNHN.F.MAR1312) in lateral (E), dorsal (G) and ventral (H) views; F, MNHN.F.MAR1061 in occipital view. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 14 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 14. — Bivariate plots of horn-core dimensions (transverse diameter [TD] against anteroposterior diameter [APD]) in Prostrepsiceros Major, 1891 from Maragheh: A, basal dimensions; B, dimensions at 7 cm above the base. Dimensions in mm.

FIG. 25 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 25.— Miotragocerus cf. maius (Meladze,1967) from Maragheh, right mandibular rami, in occlusal views: A, MNHN.F.MAR1886; B, MAR1887. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 12 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 12.— Nisidorcas sp.from Maragheh:frontlet (MNHN.F.MAR1323) in lateral (A) and caudal (B) views;basal horn-core (MNHN.F.MAR1813) in posterior view (C). Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 11 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 11. — Comparison of Oioceros rothii (Wagner, 1857) horn-cores from: A, B, Axios Valley (MNHN.F.Slq794); C, D, Pikermi (MNHN.F.PIK2244); E, F, Maragheh (MNHN.F.MAR1320); A, C, E, frontal views; B, D, F, caudal views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 10 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 10. — Oioceros atropatenes (Rodler & Weithofer, 1890) dentitions from Maragheh:A, P2-M3 sin (MNNHP MAR1121) in occlusal view; B, P2-M3 dex (MNHN.F.MAR3146) in labial view; C-E, right mandibular ramus (MNHN.F.MAR3149) in occlusal (C), labial (D) and lingual (E) views. Scale bars: 2 cm.

FIG. 9 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 9. — Bivariate plots of basal horn-core dimensions (in mm) in Oioceros Gaillard, 1902 (transverse diameter [TD] against anteroposterior diameter [APD]). Data for Çorak Yerler, Turkey from KÖhler (1987).

FIG. 3 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 3. — Gazella capricornis (Wagner,1848) cranium MMTT13/2583 from Maragheh in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 8 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 8. — Oioceros atropatenes (Rodler & Weithofer, 1890) cranium (MNHN.F.MAR1327) from Maragheh in lateral (A), occipital (B), ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Scale bar: 5 cm

FIG. 2 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 2. — Bivariate plots of basal horn-core dimensions in Gazella Blainville, 1816 from Maragheh (transverse diameter [TD] against anteroposterior diameter [APD]). KUE data from Watabe (1991).

FIG. 6 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 6. — Demecquenemia rodleri (Pilgrim & Hopwood, 1928) n. comb. frontlet (MNHN.F.MAR1030) from Maragheh in caudal (A), lateral (B) and frontal (C) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

FIG. 5 in The Maragheh bovids (Mammalia, Artiodactyla): systematic revision and biostratigraphiczoogeographic interpretation

FIG. 5. — Gazella cf. ancyrensis Tekkaya, 1973 cranium (MCW80) from Maragheh in lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) views. Scale bar: 5 cm.

Fig. 4 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 4. Dorsal views of the right astragali of three ungulates. Line drawings are on page facing the stereopairs. Lateral is to the left, proximal is toward the top of the page, and the scale represent 10 mm. A. Right astragalus of the artiodactyl Archaeotherium sp. (AMNH 1277). Note the deeply grooved trochlea, absence of the lateral process, and the large cuboid facet that faces distally. This view is more accurately described as anterior because of the digitigrade posture of all artiodactyls. B. Right astragalus of the mesonychid Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). The astragalus of Pachyaena has an astragalar foramen, a lateral process (broken in this specimen), and a small, distolaterally facing cuboid facet. C. Left astragalus (photos reversed for comparison) of Phenacodus sp. (AMNH 15262). Note the pronounced lateral process. Abbreviations: af, astragalar foramen; an, astragalar neck; cuf, articular facet for the cuboid; lp, lateral process; ltr, lateral trochlear ridge; mtr, medial trochlear ridge; naf, articular facet for the navicular; tr, trochlea (which is also the lateral part of the tibial articular surface).

Fig. 7 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 7. Dorsal views of the right ankles of two ungulates. Lateral is to the left, proximal is toward the top of the page, and the scale bars represent 10 mm. Arrows indicate the dorsal edge of the cuboid's articular facet for the calcaneus. A. Ankle of Archaeotherium (AMNH 1277). Note the distinct step between the articulation of the cuboid with the calcaneus and its articulation with the astragalus. The calcaneus will move farther down the face of the cuboid during dorsal flexion. B. Ankle of Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). Note that the cuboid articulates with the calcaneus and the astragalus in nearly the same transverse plane. Abbreviations: ast, astragalus; cal, calcaneus; cub, cuboid.

Fig. 3 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 3. Oblique posterolateral view of the right occipital condyle of Poebrotherium (AMNH 42257), with right and left stereopair views. The occipital condyle is divided into dorsal and ventral halves by a transverse ridge. The occipital ridge is a potential synapomorphy of Artiodactyla. Scale bar is 10 mm in length. Abbreviations: fm, foramen magnum; or, occipital ridge; tb, tympanic bulla.

Fig. 11 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 11. The moleculebased tree from Gatesy et al. (1999a) with the degree (number of steps) that the data in appendix 3 contradict phylogenetic hypotheses depicted in this tree. Clade names are placed immediately below and to the left of their respective nodes, while branch support values are placed above and to the left. Negative values indicate that these groupings do not occur in the most parsimonious trees. Taxa abbreviations: AF, Artiofabula; CR, Cetruminantia; W, Whippomorpha.

Fig. 6 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 6. Proximal views of the cuboids of Archaeotherium and Pachyaena, with right and left stereopair views. Plantar is toward the top of the page, lateral is to the left, and the scale bars represent 10 mm. A. Right cuboid of the artiodactyl Archaeotherium (AMNH 1277). Note the distinct step between the articular facets for the astragalus and cuboid, a morphology common to all artiodactyls. B. Right cuboid of Pachyaena ossifraga (AMNH 16154). Note the wide articular facet for the cuboid. Abbreviations: asf, articular facet for the astragalus; caf, articular facet for the calcaneus.

Fig. 2 in New Morphological Evidence for the Phylogeny of Artiodactyla, Cetacea, and Mesonychidae

Fig. 2. Representative morphologies for the lingual margin of P4. Labial is toward the top of the page, anterior is to the left, and the scale bars represent 10 mm. A. The third and fourth upper premolars of the artiodactyl Elomeryx armatus (AMNH 582). Note the presence of a prominent entocingulum that nearly encircles the base of the protocone. An entocingulum on P4 is widely distributed among basal artiodactyl taxa; therefore, it is a potential synapomorphy of Artiodactyla. B. The third and fourth upper premolars of the mesonychid Harpagolestes orientalis (AMNH 26300). Note the complete absence of an entocingulum on P4. Abbreviations: en, entocingulum; P3, upper third premolar; P4, upper fourth premolar.