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Fig. 9 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 9. Ontogenetic series of pachydomid bivalves Leinzia similis (sensu lato) (A) from the Yaguari Formation (after Morton and Herbst 1990) and Leinzia similis (sensu stricto) DGP/7-85 (B) from the Serrinha Member, Rio do Rasto Formation. Sketches based on external comarginal ornamentation (rugae and growth lines) of individual shells. Note the differences in the shell shape of both specimens: double posterior carina (A), the anterior rostrum developed since the early ontogenetic stages (B).

Fig. 3 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 3. Pachydomid bivalve Leinzia similis (Holdhaus, 1918) (sensu stricto), composite molds, Rio do Rasto Formation, Guadalupian (Permian), Paraná Basin, Brazil. A. DGP/7-88, left valve (A1) with well-defined, forwardly inclined, triangular socket (arrowed); right valve (A2), note the deformed anterior rostrum margin of the shell (arrowed); splayed open valves (A3). B. DZP-20417, right valve, note the well-developed triangular blunt tooth (arrowed). C. DZP-20416A, right valve showing well-defined escutcheon (arrowed). D. DGP/7-86, a slightly deformed specimen with articulated valves and broken anterior margin, note the straight slightly curved posterior margin of the shells. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 1 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 1. Chart showing the main bivalve assemblages and constituent species recorded in the Permian Passa Dois Group, except the Irati Formation (A), and location of Paraná Basin, Brazil (B). Species composition (not to scale): 1, Kidodia cf. K. stockleyi; 2, Barbosaia angulata; 3, Holdhausiella elongata; 4, Tambaquyra camargoi; 5, Rioclaroa lefevrei; 6, Maackia contorta; 7, Ferrazia simplicicarinata; 8, Anhembia gigantea; 9, Anhembia froesi; 10, Pinzonella illusa; 11, Ferrazia cardinalis; 12, Casterella gratiosa; 13, Angatubia cowperesioides; 14, Othonella araguaiana, 15, Plesiocyprinella carinata; 16, Terraia aequilateralis; 17, Runnegariella fragilis; 18, Favalia arcuata; 19, Roxoa corumbataiensis; 20, Coxesia mezzalirai; 21, Cowperesia anceps; 22, Pinzonella neotropica; 23, Naiadopsis lamellosus; 24, Jaquesia brasiliensis; 25, Terraia curvata, 26, Beurlenella elongatella; 27, Cowperesia emerita; 28, "Leinzia" curta; 29, Terraia bipleura; 30, Astartellopsis prosoclina; 31, Oliveiraia pristina; 32, Terraia altissima; 33, Leinzia similis (sensu stricto); 34, Terraia decarinata; 35, Palaeomutela platinensis; 36, Relogiincola delicata; 37, Palaeomutela australis. Data from Mendes (1952), Runnegar and Newell (1971), Simões et al. (1998), Matos et al. (2017), and Guerrini et al. (2019).

Fig. 4 in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 4. Pachydomid bivalve Leinzia similis (Holdhaus, 1918) (sensu stricto), Rio do Rasto Formation, Guadalupian (Permian), Paraná Basin, Brazil. A. DGP/7-88, composite mold, left valve; A1, detail of the well-defined triangular socket (arrowed); A2, latex cast of specimen in A1, showing the hinge with well-defined triangular socket (arrowed); also note the absence of true lateral teeth; A3, details of the anterior adductor, pedal protractor, and pedal retractor muscle scars (arrows); A4, anterior muscle scars (outlined). B. DZP-20417, composite mold, right valve; B1, well-developed triangular, subcardinal, blunt tooth (arrowed); B2, latex cast showing the triangular socket (arrowed) and the hinge without true lateral teeth. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 2. A in Morphology and taxonomic position of the bizarre Permian pachydomid bivalve Leinzia from Western Gondwana

Fig. 2. A. Location of the studied area in the southern part of the Paraná State, south Brazil. The outcrop belt of the Passa Dois Group is in grey. B. Map of the Paraná State, Brazil (frame indicates the southern part where studied area is located) (modified from Rohn and Rösler 2000; Guerrini et al. 2019). C. Geological map showing the main geographic area of occurrence of Leinzia similis (sensu stricto). Cartographic base: Mineropar 2006 (Mapa geológico do Estado do Paraná, 1:250 000). D. Columnar section of the Rio do Rasto Formation; note the constrained stratigraphic distribution of Leinzia similis (sensu stricto) in the Serrinha Member. Abbreviations: C, calcareous mudstone; CS, coarse sandstone; G, gravel; FS, fine sandstone; MS, medium sandstone; S, siltstone.

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Fig. 9. The lucinid bivalve Elliptiolucina ingens Okutani, 2011 in Mollusks from Pliocene and Pleistocene seep deposits in Leyte, Philippines

Fig. 9. The lucinid bivalve Elliptiolucina ingens Okutani, 2011 from the Pliocene Liog-Liog Point seep deposit in Leyte, Philippines. A. NMNS PM 28118, a right valve showing sculpture on outer surface (A1) and the hinge (A2, A3). B. NMNS PM 28117, a right valve, interior of right valve showing hinge and adductor muscle scars (B1), dorsal view showing ligament and inflation (B2), outer shell surface (B3). C. NMNS PM 28121, left valve showing shell interior (C1) and anterior adductor muscle scar (C2).

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Fig. 11. The lucinid bivalve Divalucina soyoae Habe, 1952 in Mollusks from Pliocene and Pleistocene seep deposits in Leyte, Philippines

Fig. 11. The lucinid bivalve Divalucina soyoae Habe, 1952 from the early Pleistocene Buhoc Point seep deposit (float) in Leyte, Philippines, NMNS PM 28142, dorsal view (A1), view on right valve (A2).

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Fig. 18. The vesicomyid bivalve Vesicomya margotae Beets, 1953 in Mollusks from Pliocene and Pleistocene seep deposits in Leyte, Philippines

Fig. 18. The vesicomyid bivalve Vesicomya margotae Beets, 1953 from the late Pliocene seep deposit at Liog-Liog Point, Leyte, Philippines. A. NMNS PM 28410, articulated specimen, view on left valve (A1), dorsal view (A2), view on right valve (A3), note drill hole. B. NMNS PM 28411, isolated left valve, view on exterior (B1), dorsal view showing lunular incision, (B2), view on inner side (B3), and close-up on hinge dentition (B4).

FIGURE 1 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 1 An overview of the diversity in morphology, colouration, and host-associations of the studied clade. A, Anchiopontonia hurii (Holthuis, 1981) in the spiny oyster Spondylus sp.; B, Ascidonia quasipusilla (Chace, 1972) in a solitary ascidian; C, Conchodytes meleagrinae Peters, 1852 in the spiny oyster Spondylus sp.; D, Conchodytes pteriae Fransen, 1994 in the pearl oyster Pteria loveni (Dunker, 1879); E, male-female pair of Dactylonia ascidicola (Borradaile, 1898) from the solitary ascidian Ascidia sp.; F, Odontonia katoi (Kubo, 1940) in the solitary ascidian Polycarpa aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834); G, Odontonia plurellicola De Gier & Fransen, 2018 in the colonial ascidian Plurella sp.; H, Odontonia sibogae (Bruce, 1973) in the solitary ascidian Polycarpa sp.; I, Platypontonia hyotis Hipeau-Jacquotte, 1971 in the giant honeycomb oyster Hyotissa hyotis (Linnaeus, 1758); J, Pontonia manningi Fransen, 2000 in the spiny oyster Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781. PHOTO CREDIT: C.H.J.M. FRANSEN

FIGURE 5 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 5 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach (fig. 4), with ancestral biogeographic range reconstructions on the internal nodes (probabilities are shown as pie charts). Indo-West Pacific genera simplified as genus names, except for Odontonia kerangcaris Fransen, Groenhof & De Gier, 2021 due to its position outside of the genus. Colours indicate distribution ranges, both for the species as well as the ancestral distribution ranges. Species/genera of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*).

Fig 3A in Toxicological assessments of basic blue 3 dye in fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis

Fig 3A: Section passing through gonad of fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis from control group (400X). B: Effect of 40 ppm (LC0) of Basic Blue 3 on gonad of fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis after 96 hours exposure (400X) C: Effect of 70 ppm (LC50) of Basic Blue 3 on gonad of fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis after 96 hours exposure (400X)

Graph 1 in Toxicological assessments of basic blue 3 dye in fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis

Graph 1: Changes in SODactivity in different tissues of fresh water bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis after acute exposure to basic blue 3(values are expressed in unit/mg protein/hour)

FIGURE 4 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 4 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach. RAxML bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities expressed as percentages are indicated respectively. Dashes (--) indicate values <50; asterisk (*) indicates different topology of RAxML or MrBayes tree. Four major clades can be recognized. Newly acquired barcodes are indicated with a collection accession number (RMNH.CRUS.D., MZB.), otherwise GenBank accession numbers are given. The selection of species can be found in the appendices (supplementary table S1), and species of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*) and no accession number. Colours indicate various host associations. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell.

Graph 4 in Toxicological assessments of basic blue 3 dye in fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis

Graph 4: DNA strand breaks in gill cells of Lamellidens marginalis after acute exposure to Basic blue 3.

Graph 2 in Toxicological assessments of basic blue 3 dye in fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis

Graph 2: Changes in CAT activity in different tissues of fresh water bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis after acute exposure to basic blue 3 (values are inmmolH2O2/min/mg protein)

FIGURE 2 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 2 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the concatenated molecular dataset (COI, H3, 16S, 18S). RAxML bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities expressed as percentages are indicated respectively. Dashes (--) indicate values <50; asterisk (*) indicates different topology of RAxML or MrBayes tree. Four branches are shortened for convenience. Three major clades can be recognized. Newly acquired barcodes are indicated with a collection accession number (RMNH.CRUS.D., MZB.), otherwise GenBank accession numbers are given. The selection of species can be found in the appendices (supplementary table S1). Colours indicate various host associations.

FIGURE 6 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 6 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach (fig. 4), with ancestral character state reconstructions on the internal nodes (probabilities are shown as pie charts). Colours indicate various host associations, both for the species as well as the ancestral character states. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell. Species of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*).

FIGURE 3 The 50 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)

FIGURE 3 The 50% majority rule consensus tree of the morphological analysis in PAUP. Five distinct clades can be recognized. Support values are given at every dichotomous or polytomous branching. Colours indicate various host associations. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell.

Graph 3 in Toxicological assessments of basic blue 3 dye in fresh water bivalve Lamellidens marginalis

Graph 3: Changes in GPx activityin different tissues of fresh water bivalve, Lamellidens marginalis after acute exposure to basic blue 3 (values are in mmol NADPH/min/mg protein)