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Fig. 11 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 11. Chonetoid brachiopod Globosochonetes sp. from the Muhua Formation. A. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0252, in exterior (A1), interior (A2), enlarged interior (A3), and enlarged exterior (A4) views. B. Shell, PKUM02−0253, in ventral (B1), dorsal (B2), lateral (B3), anterior (B4), posterior (B5), and enlarged dorsal (B6) views. C. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0254, in exterior (C1), interior (C2), lateral (C3), and posterior (C4) views. D. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0255, in exterior (D1), lateral (D2), posterior (D3), and anterior (D4) views. Sample MH1. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 18 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 18. Aulostegoid brachiopod Muhuarina haeretica Baliński and Sun, 2005 from the Muhua Formation. A. Slightly damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0290, in interior (A1), anterior (A2), lateral (A3, posterior to the left), and enlarged interior (A4) views; notice well preserved teeth (arrowed) and interarea. B. Shell, PKUM02−0046, in dorsal view. C. Incomplete juvenile ventral valve, PKUM02−0080, (posterior to top) cemented to the chonetoid shell; notice well preserved rhizoid spines and muscle platform (after Baliński and Sun 2008: fig. 1E). D. Incompletely preserved ventral valve, PKUM02−0047, in lateral view (posterior to the left) showing rhizoid spines (after Baliński and Sun 2008: fig. 1D). Sample M2−8 (A) and GB (B–D). Scale bars 0.5 mm.
Fig. 10 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 10. Chonetoid brachiopod Globosochonetes gracilis sp. nov. from the Muhua Formation. A. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0239, in exterior (A1), lateral (A2), and posterior (A3) views. B. Holotype, PKUM02−0240, in ventral (B1), dorsal (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views. C. Shell, PKUM02−0241, in ventral (C1), dorsal (C2), and lateral (C3) views. D. Shell, PKUM02−0242, in ventral (D1), posterior (D2), and anterior (D3) views. E. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0243, in exterior (E1), interior (E2), anterodorsal (E3), and enlarged interior (E4) views, and enlargement showing external ornamentation (E5). F. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0244, in interior view (F1) and enlargement (F2). G, H, K, L. Dorsal valves, PKUM02−0245 (G), PKUM02− 0246 (H), PKUM02−0247 (K), and PKUM02−0248 (L), in exterior (G1, H1, K1, L1) and interior (G2, H2, K2, L2) views. I. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0249, in exterior (I1), interior (I2), and enlarged interior (I3) views. J. Shell with almost removed dorsal valve, PKUM02−0250, in dorsal view. M. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0251, in interior view. Samples GB and GT. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 4. Bioerosion trace Caulostrepsis. A. Specimen DZP−18422 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications
Fig. 4. Bioerosion trace Caulostrepsis. A. Specimen DZP−18422, ventral valve of Bouchardia rosea showing the typical morphology of Caulostrepsis. Note the well−developed central ridge, and the straight morphology of the trace. B, C. Specimens DZP−18423 and 18424, respectively. Note that the galleries are roughly straight, and not enlarged at their distal extremities. The apertural groove (arrow) is well marked. D. Specimen DZP−18425, dorsal valve, showing multiple (arrows), straight traces. E, F. X−ray images of the specimens DZP−18426 and 18427, respectively. Note the straight morphology of unabraded tubes and the apertural groove (arrow) in the specimen DZP−18427. Scale bars 5 mm.
Fig. 16. A, B in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 16. A, B. Two hypothetical mode of attachment of juvenile Argentiproductus margaritaceus (Phillips, 1836). The extent of attachment (here marked with white areas) by the epithelium emerging through longitudinal median slit in the umbonal region of the ventral valve (A) seems more probable and functionally efficient than the attachment by the tip of a cylindrical pedicle (B). Note also that the function of clasping spines in A is clear whereas in B reminds unresolved.
Fig. 9 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 9. Chonetoid brachiopod Subglobosochonetes cf. malevkensis (Sokolskaja, 1950) from the Muhua Formation. A, B. Shells, PKUM02−0228 (A) and PKUM02−−0229 (B) in ventral (A1, B1) and dorsal (A2, B2) views. C, D. Ventral valves, PKUM02−0230 (C) and PKUM02−0231 (D), in exterior (C1, D1) and interior (C2, D2) views. E. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0232, in exterior (E1), interior (E2), lateral (E3), anterior (E4), posterior (E5), and enlarged interior (E6) views. F. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0233, in exterior (F1), interior (F2), lateral (F3), anterior (F4), and enlarged interior (E5) views. G, H, K. Dorsal valves, PKUM02−0234 (G), PKUM02−0235 (H), and PKUM02−0236 (K), in exterior (G1, H1, K1), interior (G2, H2, K2), and enlarged interior (G3, H3, K3) views. I. Incomplete shell, PKUM02−0237, in ventral (I1), dorsal (I2), and enlarged dorsal (I3) views. J. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0238, in interior view (J1) and enlargement (J2). Samples M2/2 and M2/4 (A–H), M2−8 (I), M2/3 (J, K). Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 6 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications
Fig. 6. Morphology of Caulostrepsis. A, B. Drawings of Caulostrepsis taeniola Clarke, 1908 (A) and Caulostrepsis cretacea (Voigt, 1971) (B), respectively. C. Morphology of Caulostrepsis traces found in Bouchardia rosea shells. Note differences in the cross−sectional morphology between the traces reported here (C) and those documented previously (A, B).
Fig. 8 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 8. Chonetoid brachiopod Subglobosochonetes gedongguanensis sp. nov. from the Muhua Formation. A. Shell, PKUM02−0214, in ventral (A1) and dorsal (A2) views. B. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0215, in exterior (B1), interior (B2), and enlarged interior (B3) views. C. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0216, in exterior (C1), interior (C2), and enlarged interior (C3) views. D, H. Shells, PKUM02−0217 (D) and PKUM02−0218 (H, holotype), in ventral (D1, H1), dorsal (D2, H2), and posterior (D3, H3) views. E–G, J. Shells, PKUM02−0219 (E), PKUM02−0220 (F), PKUM02−0221 (G), and PKUM02−0222 (J), in ventral views. I. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0223, in exterior (I1) and interior (I2) views. K. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0224, in exterior (K1) and interior (K2) views. L. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0225, in exterior (L1), lateral (L2), interior (L3), and posterior (L4) views. M. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0226, in exterior (M1), lateral (M2), interior (M3), and enlarged interior (M4) views. N. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0227, in exterior (N1), interior (N2), lateral (N3), and posterior (N4) views. Samples GB and GT. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 6 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 6. Craniidae gen. et sp. indet. from the Muhua Formation. A. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0205, in exterior (A1), lateral (A2), posterior (A3), and interior (A4) views, and enlargements of the internal surface of the same specimen (A5, A6) showing poorly preserved shell punctation (arrowed). B, D. Dorsal valves, PKUM02−0206 (B) and PKUM02−0207(D), in lateral (B1, D1) and dorsal (B2, D2) views. C. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0208, in exterior view. Sample MH1.
Fig. 23 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 23. Orthotetoid brachiopod Serratocrista sp. from the Muhua Formation. A, B. Young ventral valves, PKUM02−0322 (A) and PKUM02−0323 (B), in exterior (A1, B1), interior (A2, B2), and posterior (A3, B3) views. C. Slightly damaged dorsal valve, PKUM02−0324, in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0325, in exterior (D1) and interior (D2) views. Sample D4 (A, C) and GB (B, D).
Fig. 5 in Biotic interaction between spionid polychaetes and bouchardiid brachiopods: Paleoecological, taphonomic and evolutionary implications
Fig. 5. Spionid polychaete Polydora sp. found in association with Bouchardia rosea shells, Ubatuba Bight, 10 and 20 m depth. Specimen DZP−18668. A, B. Anterior segments of Polydora showing the characteristic modified chaetae (arrows) in its 5th segment. C. Polydora hooks (arrow) from the median segments. D. Posterior segments of Polydora showing the flanged pygidium (arrow). Scale bars 100 µm.
Fig. 1 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 1. Outcrops of the early Carboniferous (Mississippian) formations between the villages of Muhua and Gedongguan, Guizhou Province, China. A. View of the outcrop taken from the road leading from Gedongguan (bottom) to Muhua (far left). B. Closer view of the outcrop showing the Devonian–Carboniferous boundary and the Mississippian formations (location of the MH1 and MH2 samples marked). C. Oolitic packstone lens of the Muhua Formation and closer location of the MH2 sample. D. Outcrop G near Gedongguan village (location of the GB and GT samples marked).
Fig. 7 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 7. Strophomenoid brachiopod Leptagonia cf. analoga (Phillips, 1836) from the Muhua Formation. A, E. Incomplete ventral valves, PKUM02−0209 (A) and PKUM02−0210 (E), in exterior (A1, E1) and interior (A2, E2) views. B–D. Incomplete dorsal valves, PKUM02−0211 (B), PKUM02−0212 (C), and ZPAL V. 26/6 (D), in exterior (B1, C1, D1) and interior (B2, D2) views. F. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0213, in exterior (F1), interior (F2), and enlarged postero−dorsal (F3) views; notice massive chilidium. Samples MH1 (A, B), GB (E), GT (C, F), and Mu−42 (D; figured in Baliński 1999: fig. 3F, G).
Fig. 2 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 2. Lithological sections of the Tournaisian Muhua Formation at five sampling sites around Gedongguan village and their locations near Muhua, Guizhou Province, China (modified after Dzik 1997).
Fig. 4 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 4. Different results of the silicification of brachiopod valves from the Muhua Formation. A. Subradial lamellae of silica arising along fibres of the secondary shell layer as seen on the external surface of shell. B. Net−like pattern formed by silica on the internal surface of the terebratulid valve reflecting the mosaic of the terminal faces of fibres (see text for further explanation). C. Punctate shell microstructure preserved on a silicified terebratulid valve. D. Spiriferoid ventral valve silicified with "spongy" silica; general view (D1) and enlargement (D2).
Fig. 22 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 22. Orthotetoid brachiopod Schuchertella sp. from the Muhua Formation. A. Posteriormost fragment of the ventral valve, PKUM02−0318, in external (A1) and internal (A2) views showing interarea, pseudodeltidium and dental ridges. B. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0319, in exterior (B1), dorsal (B2), and anterodorsal (B3) views. C. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0320, in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views; note abnormal development of juvenile shell. D. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0321, in exterior (D1) and interior (D2) views. Samples D4 (A) and MH1 (B–D).
Fig. 25 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 25. Orthotetoid brachiopod of Lamellispina spinosa gen. et sp. nov. from the Muhua Formation, sample MH1. A. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0333, in posterior view showing cardinalia. B. Juvenile dorsal valve, PKUM02−0334, in exterior view. C. Interior of dorsal valve, PKUM02−0335, in ventral (C1), oblique lateral (C2), enlarged ventral (C3), enlarged oblique (C4), and ventrolateral (C5) views illustrating disposition of socket ridges, cardinal process and adductor scars. D. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0336, in interior (D1), enlarged interior (D2; notice slightly damaged socket ridges), ventrolateral (D3), oblique anterior (D4, D5; notice spinous, half−tube−like projections at the valve margin) views. E. Fragment of a large dorsal valve, PKUM02−0337, showing well preserved cardinalia. All SEM micrographs. Scale bars 1 mm.
Fig. 19. Productidines from the Muhua Formation. A–F in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 19. Productidines from the Muhua Formation. A–F. Semicostellini gen. et sp. indet. A, B, F. Incomplete dorsal valves, PKUM02−0291 (A), PKUM02−0292 (B), and PKUM02−293 (F), in exterior (A1, B1, F1) and interior (A2, B2, F2,) views. C–E. Fragments of ventral valves, PKUM02−0294 (C), PKUM02−0295 (D), and PKUM02−0296 (E), in exterior view. G. Strophalosiidina gen. et sp. indet., incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0297, in exterior (G1), interior (G2), and posterior (G3) views, and SEM enlargement of G2 showing rudimentary teeth (G3). H–J. Acanthocosta sp. H, I. Incomplete dorsal valves, PKUM02−0298 (H) and PKUM02−0299 (I), in exterior (H1, I1) and interior (H2, I2) views. C. Fragment of ventral valve, PKUM02−0300, showing external ornamentation. K, M. Spinocarinifera? sp.; incomplete dorsal valves, PKUM02−0301 (K) and PKUM02−0302(M), in exterior (K1, M1), interior (K2, M2), and enlarged posterior (K3) views. L. Orbinaria? sp.; fragmented dorsal valve, PKUM02−0303, in exterior (L1), interior (L2), and enlarged interior (L3) views. N. Auriculispininae gen. et sp. indet., probably belonging to Undaria Muir−Wood and Cooper, 1960; ventral valve, PKUM02−0304, in exterior (N1), lateral (N2), and anterior (N3) views. O, P. Echinoconchoidea gen. et sp. indet.; fragments of ventral valve, PKUM02−0305 (O) and dorsal valve, PKUM02−0306 (P), showing external ornamentation. Q. Juresaniinae gen. et sp. indet., incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0307, in exterior (Q1) and interior (Q2) views. R. Productininae gen. et sp. indet.; fragment of dorsal valve, PKUM02−0308, probably representing Avonia Thomas, 1914 or Overtonia Thomas, 1914. Samples M2−8 (A–J), GB−GT (K–M, O–R), and MH1 (N). Scale bars 2 mm.
Fig. 27 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 27. Schizophoriid brachiopods from the Muhua Formation, sample MH1. A–E. Schizophoria sp. A, B. Incomplete ventral valves, PKUM02−0345 (A) and PKUM02−0346 (B), in exterior (A1, B1) and interior (A2, B2) views. C. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0347, in exterior view. D. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0349, in interior view. E. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0348, in exterior view. F–L. Schizophoria (Schizophoria) resupinata (Martin, 1809). F. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0350, in exterior view. G, H. Dorsal valves, PKUM02−0351 (G) and PKUM02−0352 (H), in exterior (G1, H1) and interior (G2, H2) views. I. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0353, in interior view. J. SEM micrograph of juvenile shell, PKUM02−0354, in dorsal (J1) and posterior (J2) views. K. SEM micrographs of incomplete valve, PKUM02−0355, showing external costellae, nearly filled with shell substance openings of aditicules, and shell punctation; specimen in general (K1) and enlarged (K2) views. L. SEM micrograph, PKUM02−0356, showing external ornamentation, large openings of aditicules, and shell punctation.
Fig. 24 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Lingulids, craniids, strophomenids, productids, orthotetids, and orthids
Fig. 24. Lamellispina spinosa gen. et sp. nov. from the Muhua Formation. A. Small dorsal valve, PKUM02−0326, in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0327 (holotype), in exterior (B1), interior (B2), and posterior (B3) views. C. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0328, in interior view. D. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0329, in interior view (D1) and enlarged view showing cardinalia and dendritic adductor scars (D2). E, G. SEM micrographs of exterior of dorsal valves, PKUM02−0330 (E) and PKUM02−0331 (G), in dorsal (E1, G1), oblique lateral (E2, G2), and anterior (E3) views. F. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0332, in exterior (F1) and interior (F2) views. All from sample MH1.
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