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FIGURE 4. P. ambuatinga n in Two new species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae): synotopy of a troglophilic and a troglobiotic species

FIGURE 4. P. ambuatinga n. sp., paratype female (ISLA 2268) and paratype male (ISLA 2272), SEM, gnatochilarium view. A) Female; B) Male. Abbreviations: Gu = gula; St = stipes; Me = mentum; Pme = pro-mentum; Ll = laminae linguaies; L = labrum; Lt = labrum teeth; Op = outer palpus; Ip = inner palpus. Scales bars: 200 µm.

FIGURE 4. Protracheoniscus gakalicus n in First recorded cave-dwelling terrestrial isopods (Isopoda: Oniscidea) in Iran with a description of a new species

FIGURE 4. Protracheoniscus gakalicus n.sp., paratype, 9 mm. A, left mandible; B, right mandible; C, maxillule, outer branch; D, maxillule, inner branch; E, maxilla; F, maxilliped. Scale = 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the blind cave gudgeon Milyeringa (Pisces: Gobioidei, Eleotridae) from Barrow Island, Western Australia, with a redescription of M. veritas Whitley

FIGURE 4. Holotype of Milyeringa justitia n. sp., WAM P.33166-001, 19.5 mm SL male, Barrow Island, WA. Fins partly reconstructed; five scale pockets not illustrated (three scales remain).

FIGURE 4 in Cyrtodactylus kunyai (Squamata: Gekkonidae), a new cave-dwelling Bent-toed Gecko from Loei Province, northeastern Thailand

FIGURE 4. Live subadult male Cyrtodactylus kunyai sp. nov. Photo. taken in situ by K. Keeratikiat; individual not collected.

FIGURE 4 in Endecous apterus: A new species of cave cricket from northeast Brazil, with comments on the use of subterranean habitats by Luzarinae crickets (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae: Luzarinae)

FIGURE 4. Map of the cave "Cavidade 3". The cave zones are demonstrated by gray color and the red spots refer to the places inside the cave where we found specimens.

FIGURE 4. Duvalius abyssimus n in A new species of Duvalius from world's deepest cave (Coleoptera: Carabidae)

FIGURE 4. Duvalius abyssimus n. sp., aedeagus, a, b: Median lobe in lateral view; c: Median lobe in dorsal view; d and e: Left and right parameres in lateral view. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the subterranean amphipod genus Stygobromus (Amphipoda: Crangonyctidae) from two caves and a spring in western Maryland, USA with additional records of undescribed species from groundwater habitats in central Maryland

FIGURE 4. Stygobromus amicus, sp. n. John Friend Cave, Garrett County, Maryland. Paratype specimen (2.0–2.5 mm): (a) pereopod 3; (b) pereopod 4; (c) pereopod 5; (d) pereopd 6; (e) pereopod 7. Pereopods drawn to same scale.

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of freshwater crabs of the genus Sundathelphusa Bott, 1969 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinucidae) from caves in Luzon, Philippines

FIGURE 4. Sundathelphusa vienae sp. nov., holotype male (21.3 × 17.9 mm) (NMCR 39077), Nilulubugan Cave, Atimonan, Quezon Province, Luzon, Philippines: A, habitus, dorsal view; B, cephalothorax, anterior view. Scale bars, A, B = 5.0 mm.

FIGURE 4. Study area and habitats. A in Endecous peruassuensis n. sp. (Orthoptera: Grylloidea: Phalangopsidae) from caves of Eastern Brazil: evidence of isolation in the subterranean realm and discussion about troglomorphisms

FIGURE 4. Study area and habitats. A—surroundings of the cave in dry season (Cerrado—brazilian savannah); B—entrance of the Olhos D' água cave; C—main conduit; D—Lapa do Cipó cave; E—E. peruassuensis sp. n. male; F—E. peruassuensis sp. n. female; G—E. aguassay; H—male court.

FIGURE 4. Coecobrya aitorererere n in Collembola of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) with descriptions of five endemic cave-restricted species

FIGURE 4. Coecobrya aitorererere n. sp. A) Dorsal head chaetotaxy. B, C) Anterior ventral head chaetotaxy. D) Labial palpus. E) Labial papilla E. F) Setae of maxillary palpus. G) Labrum. H) Ant. I–III, dorsal view, and enlargement of crescentiform sensillum. I) Ant II–III, ventral view, and enlargement of sense rod in Ant. III apical organ. J) Apex of Ant. IV, and enlargements of pointed seta with double basal ring and curved sensillum with punctate convex surface.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the South East Asian genus Sarax Simon, 1892 (Arachnida: Amblypygi: Charinidae) and synonymization of Sarax mediterraneus Delle Cave, 1986

FIGURE 4. Photographs of the natural habitat of Sarax huberi sp. nov. on Cebu Island. A Path to the type locality; B Busay cave.

FIGURE 4 in Stemmiulus brasiliensis n. sp., a new species of millipede from Brazilian iron ore caves (Diplopoda: Stemmiulida: Stemmiulidae)

FIGURE 4. Microscopic images of male paratype of Stemmiulus brasiliensis sp. nov. (ISLA 3701). A) Second pair of legs in oral view and B) Second pair of legs in caudal view; C) Third pair of legs; D) Detail of tarsus of third pair. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: Cx = coxae; Pf = prefemur; F = femur; Psf = postfemur; Tb = tibia; T = tarsus; Ss = spatulate setae; Cs = coxosternite; Lcs = coxosternal lobe; Pcs = coxosternal process; 1° Tp = first telopoditomere; 2° Tp = second telopoditomere. Scale bar: 0.1 mm. The roman numbers indicate the sequence of spatulate setae.

FIGURES 1–4 in Two new species of the millipede family Blaniulidae (Diplopoda, Julida) from caves in central and southeastern Europe

FIGURES 1–4. Cibiniulus slovacus sp. n., paratype male. 1. anterior gonopods, posterior view; 2. anterior gonopods, posterolateral view; 3. anterior gonopods, lateral view; 4. second pair of legs with penis, posterior view. – f: postero-mesal flange, p: penis, t: telopodite, cp: coxal processes, ls: lanceolate seta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Oscheius onirici sp. n. (Nematoda: Rhabditidae): a new entomopathogenic nematode from an Italian cave

FIGURE 4. Restriction fragments of amplified ITS containing region of Oscheius onirici sp. n. M:100 bp ladder, B: BamHI, D: DdeI, R: RsaI, Al: AluI, A: Ava II, H: HinfI.

FIGURE 4. Salmoneus antricola n in A new cave-dwelling species of the alpheid shrimp genus Salmoneus Holthuis, 1955 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea) from the Ryukyu Islands, southern Japan

FIGURE 4. Salmoneus antricola n. sp., holotype, ovigerous female (cl 5.7 mm), CBM-ZC 13120. A, left first pereopod (major cheliped), coxa and basis, mesial view; B, same, carpus, ventral view; C, same, chela, extensor view; D, right first pereopod (minor cheliped), coxa and basis, mesial view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Redescription of Lusitanipus alternans (Verhoeff, 1893) (Diplopoda, Callipoda, Dorypetalidae) and ecological data on its Laboulbeniales ectoparasites in caves

FIGURE 4. Lusitanipus alternans (Verhoeff, 1893). scanning electron micrograph. A–C) midbody rings; D) ozopore, E) spinnerets and F) close-up of left spinneret. Scales: 100 µm (A–C); 10 µm (D, E) and 1 µm (D, F).

FIGURE 4 in Description of the first cave dwelling species of the spider genus Trilacuna Tong & Li from Iran (Araneae: Oonopidae)

FIGURE 4. Trilacuna qarzi sp. n. female paratype (PBI_OON 42545). A, habitus, dorsal view; B, same, ventral view; C, same, lateral view; D, cephalothorax, dorsal view; E, same, ventral view; F, lateral view; G, anterior view; H, epigastric region, ventral view.

FIGURE 4 in A new leech species (Hirudinida: Erpobdellidae: Erpobdella) from a cave in the West Azerbaijan province of Iran

FIGURE 4. Ventral view of Erpobdella borisi n. sp. with male (M) and female (F) gonopore separated by (A) 3 annuli and (B) 2.5 annuli. Scale bar: 0.30 mm.

FIGURE 4. Nesticella apiculata n in New cave-dwelling spiders of the family Nesticidae (Arachnida, Araneae) from China

FIGURE 4. Nesticella apiculata n. sp. A. Female body, dorsal; B. Male body, dorsal; C. Epigynum, abdominal cuticle removed, ventral; D. Vulva, dorsal. Scale bars: A–B=0.5 mm, C–D=0.2 mm.

FIGURE 4 in New species of Pseudonannolene Silvestri, 1895 from Brazilian limestone caves with comments on the potential distribution of the genus in South America (Spirostreptida: Pseudonannolenidae)

FIGURE 4. Individuals of Pseudonannolene leopoldoi observed feeding on fungi that developed in carcass of grasshopers.