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Figure 6 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)
Figure 6. Shape variation of the anterior idiosoma outline in dorsal view (data set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); the deformation grid shows shape changes explained by the first discriminant axis. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the ten character states discovered in the anterior idiosoma outline. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order, as defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; red solid rhombuses, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; black solid circles, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus maya; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.
Figure 5 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)
Figure 5. Interlandmark distances (1–36) collected in dorsal (A, B) and posterior (C) views: (A) measurements 1–13 assembled for the idiosoma (distance set 1; (B) distances 14–28 measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3, and D4 (distance set 2); (C) measurements 29–36 between ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (distance set 3). Lines indicate the interlandmark distances sampled and numbers identify each distance, as listed in Table 3. Numbers with asterisks label distances for which the mean was calculated with the measurements of left and right idiosoma sides.
Figure 1 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)
Figure 1. Species of Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) included in the morphometric analyses, in dorsal view: (A) Arrenurus anae; (B) Arrenurus colitus; (C) Arrenurus neoexpansus; (D) Arrenurus zitavus; (E) Arrenurus maya; (F) Arrenurus catoi; (G) Arrenurus tabascoensis; (H) Arrenurus anitahoffmannae; (I) Arrenurus urbanus; (J) Arrenurus olmeca; (K) Arrenurus costeroae. The pairs of postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3, and D4 in (F) are indicated with arrows pointing at gland openings and setae insertions. Scale bars: 100 µm.
Figure 9 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)
Figure 9. Shape variation of dorsoglandularia D4 in dorsal view (data set 4). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2). (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweightedpair grouping method using averages) groups the three character states discovered in the dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Fig. 8.
Figure 10 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)
Figure 10. Shape variation of ventroglandularia V1, V2 and V3 (data set 5). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both roots. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the distribution patterns of ventroglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: solid green triangles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; solid red rhombuses, Dadayella aztecus; lilac en-dashes, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; open blue circles, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus catoi; open red squares, Megaluracarus colitus; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus costeroae; open green rhombuses, Megaluracarus maya; solid black circles, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus olmeca; green hyphens, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus urbanus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus zitavus.
Figure 3 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)
Figure 3. Two Arrenurus (Dadayella) species included for comparison with the 11 species of Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) in the morphometric analyses: (A, B) Dadayella adrianae in dorsal and posterior view, respectively; (C, D) Dadayella aztecus in dorsal and posterior view, respectively. The arrows in (C) and (D) are as described in Figs 1F and 2F, respectively. Scale bars: 100 µm.
Figure 37. Character 75 and its postulated states. A2–A6 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)
Figure 37. Character 75 and its postulated states. A2–A6 elements, ventral surface, cartilaginous protuberance: A, absent – 75.0; B, present – 75.1. Stippled areas are cartilaginous tissue, non-stippled areas are calcified structures. A1/B1 elements are indicated. Syringes of (A) Myornis senilis (QCAZ 3724) and (B) Merulaxis ater (MCP 2001) in lateral view. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 29. Characters 55 and 56 and their postulated states. Char. 55 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)
Figure 29. Characters 55 and 56 and their postulated states. Char. 55. Hypotarsus, posterolateral tendinal canal, configuration: A, closed – 55.0; B, open – 55.1. Char. 56. Hypotarsus, posteromedial tendinal canal, configuration: B, closed – 56.0; A, open – 56.1. Proximal end of right tarsometatarsus of (A) Eugralla paradoxa (MCP 2398) and left tarsometatarsus of (B) Pteroptochos tarnii (MCP 2397). Not to scale.
Figure 20. Characters 37 and 38 and their postulated states. Char. 37 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)
Figure 20. Characters 37 and 38 and their postulated states. Char. 37. Mandible, lateral margin, caudal end in dorsal view, configuration: A, relatively plain, with no protuberance – 37.0; B, with a small protuberance – 37.1; C, with a well-developed protuberance – 37.2. Char. 38. Mandible, medial process, foramen: A, present – 38.0; B, C, absent – 38.1. Caudal end of the mandible of (A) Melanopareia torquata (MCP 2271), (B) Liosceles thoracicus (MPEG O-3953), and (C) Teledromas fuscus (MCP 2396) in dorsal view. Not to scale.
Figure 9. Characters 22 and 23 and their postulated states. Char. 22 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)
Figure 9. Characters 22 and 23 and their postulated states. Char. 22. Ectethmoid, rostral surface, lateral portion, projection: A, absent – 22.0; B, present – 22.1. Char. 23. Ectethmoid, rostral surface, medial portion, projection: A, absent – 23.0; B, present – 23.1. Skulls of (A) Liosceles thoracicus (MPEG O-3953) and (B) Pteroptochos tarnii (MCP 2397) in ventral view. Not to scale.
Figure 1. Characters 1 and 2 and their postulated states. Char. 1 in Morphology-based phylogenetic analysis and classification of the family Rhinocryptidae (Aves: Passeriformes)
Figure 1. Characters 1 and 2 and their postulated states. Char. 1. Premaxilla, rostrum, length relative to the maxilla: B, longer – 1.0; A, C, D, shorter – 1.1. Lr is the length of the rostrum and pr is its caudal projection over the maxilla; an arrow marks the caudal margin of the maxillary process of the nasal (see text). Char. 2. Premaxilla, nasal process, form: A, not arched – 2.0; B, smoothly arched – 2.1; C, strongly arched – 2.2; D, developed into a high crest – 2.3. Rostrum of (A) Rhinocrypta lanceolata (MCP 2395), (B) Liosceles thoracicus (MPEG O-3953), (C) Eugralla paradoxa (MCP 2398) and (D) Acropternis orthonyx (QCAZ 3723) in lateral view. Not to scale.
FIGURE. General characters in Myrcia. A: Asymmetrical anther thecae; B: Symmetrical anther thecae; C: Simple trichome; D: Dibrachiate trichome; E: 2-locular ovary; F: 3-locular ovary; G: Hypanthium persistent in the fruit, hollow; H: Hypanthium persistent in the fruit, beaked and filled by tissue; I. Homogeneous gland dots; J: Heterogeneous gland dots; K: Tertiary veins densely reticulated; L: Tertiary veins sparsely reticulated. (A: Oliveira 841; B: Moreira 404; C: Lindeman 1640; D: Hatschbach 13407; E: Bonaldi 502; F: Hatschbach 8646; G: Silva 4334; H: Brotto 2434; I: Hatschbach 61476; J: Carrião s.n. UPCB 28305; K: Kuniyoshi 4844; L: Michelon 1327). in Myrcia (Myrtaceae) in the state of Paraná, Brazil
FIGURE. General characters in Myrcia. A: Asymmetrical anther thecae; B: Symmetrical anther thecae; C: Simple trichome; D: Dibrachiate trichome; E: 2-locular ovary; F: 3-locular ovary; G: Hypanthium persistent in the fruit, hollow; H: Hypanthium persistent in the fruit, beaked and filled by tissue; I. Homogeneous gland dots; J: Heterogeneous gland dots; K: Tertiary veins densely reticulated; L: Tertiary veins sparsely reticulated. (A: Oliveira 841; B: Moreira 404; C: Lindeman 1640; D: Hatschbach 13407; E: Bonaldi 502; F: Hatschbach 8646; G: Silva 4334; H: Brotto 2434; I: Hatschbach 61476; J: Carrião s.n. UPCB 28305; K: Kuniyoshi 4844; L: Michelon 1327).
Supplementary material S1. Character list and character state matrix.
<p><strong>Supplementary material S1. </strong>Character list and character state matrix.</p> <p>Jiří Kolibáč, Vitalii I. Alekseev, Kristaps Kairišs and Andris Bukejs: Systematic placement and new data on the checkered beetles <em>Aberrokorynetes</em> Winkler and <em>Visokorynetes</em> Winkler (Coleoptera: Cleridae) from Eocene Baltic amber obtained from X-ray tomography. Historical Biology, DOI: 10.1080/08912963.2021.1994561</p>
Figure 7. Body plan evolution within Ornithischia and character states with phylogenetic importance for the present hypothesis. A in Taxonomic, palaeobiological and evolutionary implications of a phylogenetic hypothesis for Ornithischia (Archosauria: Dinosauria)
Figure 7. Body plan evolution within Ornithischia and character states with phylogenetic importance for the present hypothesis. A, skeletal reconstruction of Silesaurus opolensis, a parapredentatan (stem lineage) ornithischian (after Dzik, 2003). B, skeletal reconstruction of Laquintasaura venezuelae, a parapredentatan ornithischian (after Barrett et al., 2014). C, skeletal reconstruction of Eocursor parvus, a prionodontian ornithischian (after Butler et al., 2010). D, left dentary of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63136) in lateral view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). E, left ectopterygoid of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in posterior (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). F, posterior portion of the right hemimandible of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in lateral (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). G, partial left dentary of Asilisaurus kongwe (NMT RB159) in occlusal view (modified from Nesbitt et al., 2019). H, left dentary of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63136) in medial view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). I, isolated tooth of Kwanasaurus williamparkeri (DMNH EPV.63843) in labial view (modified from Martz & Small, 2019). J, proximal portion of the right femur of Sacisaurus agudoensis (MCN PV100014) in caudomedial view. K, right maxilla of Echinodon becklesii (NHMUK OR48211) in lateral view (modified from Sereno, 2012). L, right tibia of Eocursor parvus (SAM-PK-K8025) in proximal view. M, left pelvic elements of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in lateral view. N, skull of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in right lateral view. O, cervical 6 and 7 of Heterodontosaurus tucki (SAM-PK-K1332) in left lateral view. P, proximal portion of the right tibia of Eocursor parvus (SAM-PK-K8025) in lateral view. Q, left ischium of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (SAM-PK-K1105) in medial view (modified from Baron et al., 2017a). R, proximal portion of the left femur of Lesothosaurus diagnosticus (BP/1/6582) in lateral view. Elements are not to scale.
Figure 2. Non-genitalic morphological character states. A in Phylogenetic analysis of the predatory plant bug subfamily Deraeocorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) based on molecular and morphological data
Figure 2. Non-genitalic morphological character states. A, Deraeocoris oliƲaceus; B, Stethoconus japonicus; C, Deraeocoris sp.; D, Termatophylum hikosanum; E, Bothynotus pilosus; F, Bothynotus sp. in ventral view; G, Saturniomiris lugens (Chan & Cassis, 2020); H, Surinamella doesburgi (from Ferreira et al., 2015); I, Eustictus grossus; J, Amberderaeous gigophthalmus in amber. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 3. Genitalic morphological character states. A-M in Phylogenetic analysis of the predatory plant bug subfamily Deraeocorinae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae) based on molecular and morphological data
Figure 3. Genitalic morphological character states. A-M, male genitalia; N-O, female genitalia. A-F, left paramere; G-I, right paramere; J-M, endosoma; N, genital chamber; O, valvula. A, H, Deraeocoris ulmi; B, J, Alloeotomus germanicus; C, M, Deraeocoris flaƲilinea; D, Stethoconus japonicus; E, Deraeocoris claspericapilatus; F, G, L, Deraeocoris salicis; I, Deraeocoris oliƲaceus; K, Deraeocoris ater; N, Deraeocoris ribauti; O, Deraeocoris serenus. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Data from: The invariant nature of a morphological character and character state: insights from gene regulatory networks
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Fig. 4 in The first species of Trichopsomyia Williston, 1888 (Diptera: Syrphidae) described from the Oriental region, with a discussion on the character states of the pilosity of the katepisternum
Fig. 4. Pilosity of the katepisternum, ventro-lateral view. A. Callicera macquarti Rondani, 1843, ♀ (JSA), Cyprus, with medially connected dorsal pile patch with entire pilose ventral margin. B. Eriozona syrphoides (Fallén, 1817), ♂ (JSA), Belgium, with posteriorly connected dorsal pile patch with entire pilose ventral margin. C. Pocota personata (Harris, 1780), ♀ (JSA), Sweden, with three pile patches: dorsal, ventral and antero-medial. D. Temnostoma vespiformis (Linnaeus, 1758), ♂ (JSA), the Netherlands, with posteriorly connected dorsal and ventral pile patches. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. a = ventral pile patch; b = antero-dorsal area; c = postero-medial margin; d = dorsal pile patch; e = antero-medial pile patch.
Fig. 3 in The first species of Trichopsomyia Williston, 1888 (Diptera: Syrphidae) described from the Oriental region, with a discussion on the character states of the pilosity of the katepisternum
Fig. 3. Pilosity of the katepisternum, ventro-lateral view. A. Scaeva pyrastri (Linnaeus, 1758), ♂ (JSA), Switzerland, with extensive pilosity. B. Psilota atra (Fallén, 1817), ♂ (JSA), the Netherlands, with extensive pilosity. C. Trichopsomyia pilosa sp. nov., paratype ♂ (JSA), with extensive pilosity. D. Trichopsomyia joratensis Goeldlin, 1997, ♀ (JSA), Belgium, with separated dorsal and ventral pile patch. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. a = ventral pile patch; b = antero-dorsal area; c = postero-medial margin; d = dorsal pile patch.
Fig. 5 in The first species of Trichopsomyia Williston, 1888 (Diptera: Syrphidae) described from the Oriental region, with a discussion on the character states of the pilosity of the katepisternum
Fig. 5. Pilosity of the katepisternum, ventro-lateral view. A. Ferdinandea cuprea (Scopoli, 1763), ♂ (JSA), the Netherlands, with medially connected dorsal and ventral pile patches. B. Neoascia annexa (Müller, 1776), ♀ (JSA), Germany, with ventral pile patch only. C. Brachyopa testacea (Fallén, 1817), ♂ (JSA), Belgium, with dorsal pile patch only. D. Hammerschmidtia ferruginea (Fallén, 1817), ♂ (JSA), Sweden, with dorsal and ventral pile patches, ventrally with additional long black setae. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. a = ventral pile patch; c = postero-medial margin; d = dorsal pile patch.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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