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Fig. 8 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 8. Schematic illustration of the external shell of the thyasirid bivalve Conchocele kiritachiensis sp. nov. highlighting its main morphological features.

Fig. 6 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 6. Schematic illustration of the thyasirid bivalve Conchocele taylori Hickman, 2015, highlighting its main morphological features. A. Based on JUE 16038, a larger, presumably adult shell, exterior of the right valve. B. Based on ZPAL L.16/6, a small, presumably juvenile shell, exterior of the left valve. C. Based on ZPAL L.16/6, an internal mold of a larger presumably adult specimen, left valve. Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 5. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele conradii (Rosenkrantz, 1942) from Paleocene strata of the Basilika Formation, Colesbukta, Spitsbergen, Svalbard. A. NRM PZ Mo 182204; a medium sized internal mold in left lateral view with no clear outline of an anterior adductor muscle scar visible. B. ZPAL L.16/1; an internal mold in right (B1) and left (B2) views with fragments of the shell adhering (no clear anterior adductor muscle scar visible); in dorsal view (B3) showing fragments of a posterior sulcus; anterior fragments of the shell (B4) showing flat anterior margin without ridges.

Fig. 3 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 3. Schematic drawing of a model thyasirid bivalve with explanations of the main morphological terms used herein.

Fig. 1. A in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 1. A. Map showing some of the fossil seep localities bearing thyasirids examined in this study. Detailed maps of Amakusa area, Kyushu, Japan (B, C), Washington State, USA (D). 1, Colesbukta area, Spitsbergen, Svalbard; 2, Maeshima, Amakusa area, Kyushu, Japan; 3, Tanami, Honshu, Japan; 4, Hokkaido, Japan; 5, Washington State, USA; 6, Montrose, Nebraska, USA; 7, James Ross Basin, Seymour Island, Antarctica. After Campbell 2006 (A) and Goedert and Benham 1999 (D). For detailed list of localities discussed, the reader is refered the Material section, and references therein.

Fig. 4 in Thyasirid bivalves from Cretaceous and Paleogene cold seeps

Fig. 4. Thyasirid bivalve Conchocele townsendi (White, 1890) from Maastrichtian cold seep carbonates of Seymour Island, James Ross Basin, Antarctica. A. NRM Mo 1560; a complete shell in right (A1) and left (A2) lateral view, showing outline and fine commarginal ornament; in anterior view (A3), showing two ridges running from the umbo towards the anteroventral angle; in dorsal view (A4), showing narrow and sharp posterior sulcus and posterior fold and weak furrow possibly representing accessorial ligament attachment surface. B. NRM Mo 1552; an internal mold in left lateral view with fragments of the shell adhering to the anterior and umbonal area (B1) and with outline of the anterior adductor muscle scar visible (B2).

Fig. 9 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 9. The lectotype of Stiaria intermedia Smith, 1909 (see also Fig. 8H), Epichnion, Old Red Sandstone, Lower Devonian, Dunure (GSE 14075), Scotland, UK. Published with permission of the British Geological Survey in Edinburgh.

Fig. 11 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 11. Hypichnial trace fossil cf. Pterichnus isp., middle–late Eocene, Mount Wawel Formation, King George Island, Antarctica, slab ZPAL Tf.8/2007.14. A. Four footprints in the series are visible in the lower left side. B. Less regular form in the lower side and the bilobate median trail of Glaciichnium australis in the upper part, which resembles the trace fossil Diplopodichnus.

Fig. 1 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 1. Map of King George Island (A) and location of the study region (B), after Birkenmajer (2002) with locality indicated (star).

Fig. 6 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 6. Arthropod trace fossil Glaciichnium australis isp. nov., middle–late Eocene, Mount Wawel Formation, King George Island, Antarctica, slab ZPAL Tf.8/2007.1. A. The holotype (redrawn in Fig. 8A), epichnion. The narrow diagonal furrows are damage scratches. B. Very irregular form running between the lower plant stems. C. Hypichnial forms preserved mostly as the double central trail resembling the trace fossil Diplopodichnus. D. Epichnial, unilobated median trails resembling the trace fossil Helminthoidichnites. Also delicate median bilobated trails are present. → Fig. 5. Arthropod trace fossil Glaciichnium australis isp. nov., resting trace, and lower plant stems on lower bedding surface, middle–late Eocene, Mount Wawel Formation, King George Island, Antarctica, slab ZPAL Tf.8/2007.8. A. General view, the long G. australis running from the base to the top shows different preservational variants. The knobs are plant stems. The resting trace (rt) in the lower part. B. Fragment of the long G. australis with thin blankets of underlying laminae covering the trace fossil. C. Fragment of the long G. australis crossed by another preserved mostly as the median trail, several cross sections of the lower plant stem. D. The resting trace (rt), several cross sections of the lower plant stem, and G. australis preserved mostly as the median trail. E. Resting trace, drawing (E1) and photograph of close view (E2).

Fig. 8 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 8. Comparison of drawings of holotype Glaciichnium australis sp. nov. (A) to Glaciichnium liebegastensis (B holotype, C), trackway of a Recent caddisfly larvae Philopotamus montanus (D), lectotype of Siskemia elegans (E), Stiaria quadripedia (F neotype, G), and lectotype of Stiaria intermedia (H). B, C from Walter (1985: fig. 4A and B, respectively); E from Walker (1985: fig. 2a, part); F from Pollard and Walker (1984: pl. 2: 2); G from Walker (1985: fig. 5a); H from Walker (1985: fig. 5c).

Fig. 7 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 7. Arthropod trace fossil Glaciichnium australis isp. nov. preserved mostly as unilobated or bilobated median trails, middle–late Eocene, Mount Wawel Formation, King George Island, Antarctica, slab ZPAL Tf.8/2007.25. A. Unilobate median trail passes into irregular trackway, produced probably in low cohesive substrate. B. A transition between unilobate and bilobate median trail. C. Unilobate and bilobate median trails as epichnial furrows. D. Hypichnial ridges, which are unilobated median trails resembling the trace fossil Helminthoidichnites.

Fig. 3 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 3. Some sedimentary and palaeobotanical features of the middle–late Eocene, Mount Wawel Formation, Martel Inlet Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. A. Symmetric ripple marks on surface of very fine-grained sandstone. B. Fossil plant remains of unknown affinity in cracked mudstone. C. Delicate ferns on a parting surfaces. D. Leaves of Nothofagus sp.

Fig. 4 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 4. Lower plant (reed?) stems in siltstone-sandstone slabs from of the middle–late Eocene, Mount Wawel Formation, Martel Inlet Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica, slab ZPAL Tf.8/2007.20. A. Lower bedding-plane view with cross section of the stems (arrows) and needle-like plant detritus shallowly buried in the bed. B. Cross section of the stem in thin section showing sand-filled interior and carbonized, ribbed wall. C. Cross section of the bed with oblique stem, whose surface is carbonized. D. Cross section of a bed showing a fragment of stem with longitudinal ribbing.

Fig. 2 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 2. Location of plant and trace fossil collection area as seen from Martel Inlet, Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Photograph by AG, January 2007.

Fig. 10 in Arthropod trace fossils from Eocene cold climate continental strata of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 10. Recent traces (A–C) of the caddisfly larvae Philopotamus montanus (Donovan, 1813) (D), Lejowa Valley, Tatra Mountains, southern Poland.

Fig. 7 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 7. Lucinidae from Cretaceous seep carbonates on Hokkaido, Japan. A, B. Nipponothracia yezoensis Kanie and Kuramochi, 1996 (Lucinidae) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa seep site on Hokkaido, Japan. A. Silicified specimen (UMUT MM 29541) showing the broad ligament (A1) and the edentulous hinge (A2). B. Internal mold (UMUT MM 29542) showing internal features, right and left valves (B1, B2), anterior part showing the elongate muscle scar (B3, arrow), posterior part with muscle scar and pallial line (B4). C. Nipponothracia ponbetsensis Kanie and Sakai, 1997, from the Albian Ponbetsu site in Mikasa City; specimen (UMUT MM 29543) showing the radial internal ribs (arrow). D, E. Indetermined lucinid from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa seep site. D. Large specimen (UMUT MM 29544) with nearly circular outline. E. Internal mold (UMUT MM 29545) showing faint radial sculpture, arrow indicates impression of lateral tooth.

Fig. 8 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 8. Geologic ranges of bivalve genera at Japanese seep deposits discussed herein. Dashed lines indicate range extensions outside Japan; *chemosymbiosis uncertain; **non−chemosymbiotic; ***chemosymbiosis only in some species, especially larger ones.

Fig. 6. Outline drawings showing internal features. A in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 6. Outline drawings showing internal features. A. Thyasira tanabei sp. nov. B. Nipponothracia yezoensis (Kanie and Kuramochi, 1996). Not to scale.

Fig. 5 in Bivalves from Cretaceous cold-seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 5. Thyasira spp. from Cretaceous cold seep deposits on Hokkaido, Japan. A–G. Thyasira tanabei sp. nov. A. Holotype (UMUT MM 29533) from the Campanian Yasukawa site. B. Paratype (UMUT MM 29534) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa site. C. Paratype (UMUT MM 29535) from the Campanian Yasukawa site; lateral view on right valve (C1), oblique view on right valve, showing posterior sulcus (C2), and dorsal view (C3). D. Paratype (UMUT MM 29536) from the Campanian Omagari site. E. Paratype (UMUT MM 29537) from the Campanian Yasukawa site showing the hinge. F. Small specimen (UMUT MM 29538) from the Campanian Yasukawa site. G. Paratype (UMUT MM 29539) from the Albian Ponbetsu site. H. Thyasira sp. (UMUT MM 29540) from the Cenomanian Kanajirisawa site; lateral view on right valve (H1), oblique view on right valve showing posterior sulcus (H2), and dorsal view (H3).