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782 results for “Conflict”
Data from: Can conflicting selection from pollinators and nectar-robbing antagonists drive adaptive pollen limitation? A conceptual model and empirical test
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Pollen limitation is widespread, despite predictions that it shouldn't be. We propose a novel mechanism generating pollen limitation: conflicting selection by pollinators and antagonists on pollinator attraction traits. We introduce a heuristic model demonstrating antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation, and present a field study illustrating its occurrence in a wild population. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>For antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation to occur, four criteria must be met: 1) correlated attraction of pollinators and antagonists, 2) greater response by antagonists than pollinators to altered investment in attraction traits, 3) reduced investment in pollinator attraction leading to pollen limitation, and 4) higher fitness for plants with reduced investment in pollinator attraction.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We surveyed nectar robbery and reproductive output for 109 <i>Odontonema cuspidatum </i>(Acanthaceae) plants in a pollen-limited population<i> </i>over two years and used experimental floral arrays to evaluate how flower number affects pollination and nectar robbery. Both pollinators and nectar robbers preferred larger floral displays, and nectar robbery reduced reproductive output, suggesting conflicting selection. Survey and experimental data agreed closely on the optimum flower number under antagonist-induced pollen limitation; this number was substantially overrepresented in the population. While criteria for antagonist-induced adaptive pollen limitation are restrictive, the necessary conditions may often be realized. Considering interactions beyond the plant-pollinator dyad illuminates previously overlooked mechanisms generating pollen limitation. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Nonaggressive behavior: A strategy employed by an obligate nest invader to avoid conflict with its host species
<p>In addition to its builders, termite nests are known to house a variety of secondary opportunistic termite species so‐called inquilines, but little is known about the mechanisms governing the maintenance of these symbioses. In a single nest, host and inquiline colonies are likely to engage in conflict due to nestmate discrimination, and an intriguing question is how both species cope with each other in the long term. Evasive behaviour has been suggested as one of the mechanisms reducing the frequency of host‐inquiline encounters, yet, the confinement imposed by the nests' physical boundaries suggests that cohabiting species would eventually come across each other. Under these circumstances, it is plausible that inquilines would be required to behave accordingly to secure their housing. Here, we show that once inevitably exposed to hosts individuals, inquilines exhibit nonthreatening behaviours, displaying hence a less threatening profile and preventing conflict escalation with their hosts. By exploring the behavioural dynamics of the encounter between both cohabitants, we find empirical evidence for a lack of aggressiveness by inquilines towards their hosts. Such a nonaggressive behaviour, somewhat uncommon among termites, is characterised by evasive manoeuvres that include reversing direction, bypassing and a defensive mechanism using defecation to repel the host. The behavioural adaptations we describe may play an important role in the stability of cohabitations between host and inquiline termite species: by preventing conflict escalation, inquilines may improve considerably their chances of establishing a stable cohabitation with their hosts.</p>
Data and codes to replicate the analysis in: The spatial ecology of conflicts: Unravelling patterns of wildlife damage at multiple scales
<p><span><span>Human encroachment into natural habitats is typically followed by conflicts derived from wildlife damages to agriculture and livestock. Spatial risk modelling is a useful tool to gain understanding of wildlife damage and mitigate conflicts. Although resource selection is a hierarchical process operating at multiple scales, risk models usually fail to address more than one scale, which can result in the misidentification of the underlying processes. Here, we addressed the multi-scale nature of wildlife damage occurrence by considering ecological and management correlates interacting from household to landscape scales. We studied brown bear (<i>Ursus arctos</i>) damage to apiaries in the North-eastern Carpathians as our model system. Using generalized additive models, we found that brown bear tendency to avoid humans and the habitat preferences of bears and beekeepers determine the risk of bear damage at multiple scales. Damage risk at fine scales increased when the broad landscape context also favoured damages. Furthermore, integrated-scale risk maps resulted in more accurate predictions than single-scale models. Our results suggest that principles of resource selection by animals can be used to understand the occurrence of damages and help mitigate conflicts in a proactive and preventive manner. </span></span></p>
Integrating socio-ecological suitability with human-wildlife conflict risk: Case study for translocation of a large ungulate
<p>1. Translocations are essential for reestablishing wildlife populations. As they sometimes fail, it is critical to assess factors that influence their success pre-translocation.</p> <p>2. Socio-ecological suitability models (SESMs) integrate social acceptance and ecological suitability to enable identification of areas where wildlife populations will expand, which makes it likely that SESMs will also be useful for predicting translocation success.</p> <p>3. To inform site-selection for potential elk (Cervus canadensis) reintroduction to northeastern Minnesota, USA, we developed broad-scale maps of social acceptance from surveys of local residents and landowners, animal use equivalence (AUE) from forage measured in the field, and empirical conflict risk from geospatial data. Resulting SESMs integrated social acceptance favorability scores, AUE, and conflict risk, and weighted SESMs showed the relative influences of acceptance and conflict.</p> <p>4. Social acceptance was positive for local residents and landowners (mean ≥ 5.4; scale of 1 to 7). AUE (scaled to an elk home range) ranged between 1 and 9 elk/16 km2 during winter, and from 14 to 83 elk/16 km2 during summer. Human-elk conflict risk was low (mean ≤ 0.10; scaled 0 to 1), increasing from north to south. Geographical distributions differed for social acceptance, AUE, and conflict risk, and weighted SESMs revealed unsuitable areas that were otherwise obscured.</p> <p>5. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Integrating human-wildlife conflict risk into SESMs shows where social acceptance of translocated species is likely to erode, even where viewed favorably pre-translocation, to inform translocation planning by highlighting interactions between key factors. Such integrated models supplement existing reintroduction biology frameworks by supporting decision-making and knowledge development. In northeastern Minnesota, natural resource managers who are considering elk reintroductions are using SESMs reported here to identify where human-elk conflict is likely to result in an isolated elk population and where addressing concerns for area residents about conflict risk is essential.</p>
Data for: Coexistence or conflict: black bear habitat use along an urban-wildland gradient
<p class="MsoNormal">The urban-wildland interface is expanding and increasing the risk of human-wildlife conflict. Some wildlife species adapt to or avoid living near people, while others select for anthropogenic resources and are thus more prone to conflict. To promote human-wildlife coexistence, wildlife and land managers need to understand how conflict relates to habitat and resource use in the urban-wildland interface. We investigated black bear (<em>Ursus americanus</em>) habitat use across a gradient of human disturbance in a North American hotspot of human-black bear conflict. We used camera traps to monitor bear activity from July 2018 to July 2019, and compared bear habitat use to environmental and anthropogenic variables and spatiotemporal probabilities of conflict. Bears predominantly used areas of high vegetation productivity, avoided higher human densities, and increased their nocturnality near people. Still, bears used more high-conflict areas in summer and autumn, specifically rural lands with ripe crops. Our results suggest that bears are generally modifying their behaviours in the urban-wildland interface through spatial and temporal avoidance of humans, which may facilitate coexistence. However, conflict still occurs, especially in autumn when hyperphagia and peak crop availability attract bears to abundant rural food resources. To improve conflict mitigation practices, we recommend targeting seasonal rural attractants such as with pre-emptive fruit picking, bear-proof compost containment, and other forms of behavioural deterrence. By combining camera-trap monitoring of a large carnivore along an anthropogenic gradient with conflict mapping, we provide a framework for evidence-based improvements in human-wildlife coexistence.</p>
Severe environmental conditions create severe conflicts? A novel ecological pathway to extreme coyote attacks on humans
<p>1) Identifying the circumstances and causes of carnivore attacks on humans is important for prevention of future incidents as well as employing effective wildlife management strategies. Cape Breton Highlands National Park (CBHNP) in Nova Scotia has experienced multiple attacks by coyotes (Canis latrans) on humans, including a fatal attack on an adult in 2009.</p> <p>2) Here we use a combination of data on space use and diet collected from 2011–2013 to reveal that limited resources and a reliance on a large ungulate (moose, Alces americanus) as the mechanism leading to aggression by coyotes in CBHNP.</p> <p>3) Resident coyotes exhibited large home range sizes (mean=77.5 km2) indicative of limited resources and spatiotemporal avoidance of human activity. Carbon (d13C) and nitrogen (d15N) isotope values of sub-sampled coyote whiskers (n=32), which provide a longitudinal record of diet over the months before collection, revealed little intra- and inter-individual variation with nearly all individuals specializing on moose, a pattern that agrees with indices of natural resource availability. Specifically, stable isotope mixing models show that moose was the most important prey for most coyotes (25/32), representing between 41% and 78% of dietary inputs. Only four coyotes exhibited use of anthropogenic resources (food), and only one of seven coyotes involved in attacks on people had been consuming human foods before the attacks.</p> <p>4) Synthesis and Applications: We have described a unique ecological system in which a generalist carnivore has expanded its niche to specialize on a large prey species, with the unfortunate consequence of also expanding pathways to conflicts with people. Our results suggest extreme unprovoked predatory attacks by coyotes on people are likely to be quite rare and associated with unique ecological characteristics. Extreme management actions such as bounties are unnecessary, but managers may need to employ hazing or lethal removal earlier in the conflict process than under normal circumstances. Also, users of these areas should be made aware of the risks coyotes pose and encouraged to take precautions. </p>
Scenarios used for the Validation of the Conflict Detection and Resolution Use Case (ARTIMATION )
<p>This dataset contains the scenarios used for one of the validation of the ARTIMATION project: Conflict Detection and Resolution (CD&R) use case.</p> <p>It contains the validation exercice developped at ENAC using real flown data from 2016, and modifying it to respect our constraints.<br> <br> Inside, one can find:</p> <p>-The file "exo_artimation.txt" a file containing the whole scenario, that can be played using REJEU platform.</p> <p>-10 individual files, extracted from "exo_artimation.txt" containing conflicting aircrafts. Those files where used in other steps of the ARTIMATION project, notably in the solution dataset, the heatmatrix, heatmap, storyboard developped (all linked in related identifiers).</p>
New global dataset on historical water-related conflict and cooperation events
<p>The water-related conflict and cooperation events database was created as a part of a larger project: "The missing link: how does the climate affect human conflicts and collaborations through water?" where the goal is to increase understanding of how people and the climate affect water flows and how, in turn, these changes affect cooperation and conflicts over water. Formas, project 2017-00,608 support this project.</p> <p>The database includes a collection of cooperation and conflict events between 1951 and 2019. The Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database (2010) and WCC (Pacific Institute, Oakland, CA, 2022) were used as data on water-related acts of cooperation and conflict over time. As TFDD cooperation data ends in 2008, cooperation events were extended following a similar methodology as was used in the creation of TFDD. Further, geographic locations and regional classifications were added to all events, which can be used to create visualizations and extract subsets of the database for different parts of the world. The database methodology flow chart included in the files gives a brief overview of steps taken to prepare and process the data into the database.</p> <p>The openly available scientific article in Science of the Total Environment (STOTEN) highlight findings using this dataset and gives further explanations relating to the database. The article can be found here: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161555">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161555</a>.</p>
Post-translocation dynamics of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus): A successful conservation and human-wildlife conflict mitigation tool
<p>Prairie dogs have declined by 98% throughout their range in the grasslands of North America. Translocations have been used as a conservation tool to reestablish colonies of this keystone species and to mitigate human-wildlife conflict. Understanding the behavioral responses of prairie dogs to translocation is of utmost importance to enhance the persistence of the species and for species that depend on them, including the critically endangered black-footed ferret. In 2017 and 2018, we translocated 658 black-tailed prairie dogs on the Lower Brule Indian Reservation in central South Dakota, USA, a black-footed ferret recovery site. Here, we describe and evaluate the effectiveness of translocating prairie dogs into augered burrows and soft released within presumed coteries to reestablish colonies in previously occupied habitat. We released prairie dogs implanted with passive integrated transponders (PIT tags) and conducted recapture events approximately 1-month and 1-year post-release. We hypothesized that these methods would result in a successful translocation and that prairie dogs released as coteries would remain close to where they were released because of their highly social structure. In support of these methods leading to a successful translocation, 69% of marked individuals were captured 1-month post-release, and 39% were captured 1-year post-release. Furthermore, considerable recruitment was observed with 495 unmarked juveniles captured during the 1-year post-release trapping event, and the reestablished colony had more than doubled in area by 2021. Contrary to our hypothesis, yet to our knowledge a novel finding, there was greater initial movement within the colony 1-month post-release than expected based on recapture locations compared to published average territory size; however, 1-year after release most recaptured individuals were captured within the expected territory size when compared to capture locations 1-month post-release. This research demonstrates that while translocating prairie dogs may be socially disruptive initially, it is an important conservation tool.</p>
Work-Family conflict among hotel housekeepers in the Balearic Islands (Spain)
<p>The aim of this study is to describe the domestic burden and difficulties in work-life balance and to understand the intersection of work and family spheres among hotel housekeepers who work in the Balearic Islands. </p>
Supplementary Information for "Mapping potential conflicts between global agriculture and terrestrial conservation"
<p>This archive contains supplementary figures from mapping potential conflicts between global agriculture and terrestrial conservation in 2010 and 2070. Please see the captions of these figures below.</p> <p><strong>Supplementary Figure 3.</strong> Distribution of regional land use by agricultural commodity and conservation priority (CP) index intervals (48 x 3 sub-figures).<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 4.</strong> Distribution of regional land use (left) and global land use (right) of 48 agricultural commodities (48 x 3 sub-figures). The x-axis is the land use as a proportion of the total global production area.<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 5.</strong> Comparison of the distribution of regional land use for 48 agricultural commodities between 2010 and 2070 scenarios (48 x 7 x 2 sub-figures).<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 6.</strong> Comparison of land use and conservation conflict between national and global levels. The y-axis refers to the land use as a proportion of the total global production area. There are 48 agricultural commodities for 197 countries (197 x 48 x 3 sub-figures).<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 7.</strong> Comparison of the land use distribution of top producers for 48 agricultural commodities between 2010 and 2070 scenarios (48 x 10 x 2 sub-figures).<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 8.</strong> Spatial distribution maps of production areas for 48 agricultural commodities (48 x 3 maps).<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 9.</strong> Conflict between conservation priority sites and (non-)domestic land use for 42 agricultural commodities associated with consumption in 197 countries (197 x 42 x 3 sub-figures).<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 10.</strong> Land use maps of 42 agricultural commodities linked to consumption in 197 countries (197 x 42 x 3 maps).<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 11.</strong> Conservation priority index and export rate of selected agricultural commodity for primary production cells (land use of each agricultural commodity > 10% of cell area). <strong>a</strong>) Current status in 2010. <strong>b</strong>) Shifts of conservation priority in 2070 (RCP 8.5). Triangles point-up and point-down to indicate increased and decreased CP, respectively. Density plots on top and right show cell densities corresponding to export rate and CP index, respectively.<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 12.</strong> Maps of global conservation priority index in 2010 and 2070.<br> <strong>Supplementary Figure 13. a</strong>, Performance curves for prioritization per scenario 2010, 2070-RCP2.6, and 2070-RCP8.5). Curves show the average fraction of species' range covered in each scenario weighted by each species weight, divided by the total weight of species (y-axis), by a given fraction of the landscape (x-axis). <strong>b</strong>, Histograms and boxplots of all CP map pixels. Each jittered point in boxplots represents a map pixel.</p>
Residents perspectives on human-wildlife conflict management to build community resilience in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
<ol> <li>Human-wildlife conflict can significantly impact economic, social, and ecological systems critical to promoting sustainable development. Effectively managing conflicts between people and wildlife that share a common landscape requires the implementation of effective management strategies that aim to reduce the impacts of HWC and promote coexistence as preferred by the community. However, many studies have often overlooked social aspects, especially the residents' perceptions of HWC management, that can help build community resilience.</li> <li>Residents and wildlife share a common landscape in the Chitwan National Park in Nepal. Competition for resources grows as the human-modified landscape provides a new form of habitat for wildlife. We used Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to capture the residents' (n=506) perspectives on the importance of HWC management strategies and their performance by park management to prioritize strategies that could help build community resilience.</li> <li>We found notable mean performance-importance gaps for the eight HWC management strategies, representing the park management's inability to meet the desired need of farmers and non-farmers. The IPA matrix grid shows the three strategies - skill, livelihood, and compensation - that need immediate attention from park management as they fall under high-priority strategies in quadrant II. The two-way ANOVA results revealed that the residents' perspectives on importance and performance in all management sectors differ.</li> <li>We conclusively recommend developing site-and context-specific HWC management plans that consider the affected community's livelihood needs, which are essential for increasing the operational effectiveness of HWC management. Park management should prioritize strategies in sectors more vulnerable to HWCs to secure community support for long-term conservation goals.</li> <li>This study will be a key reference for identifying context-specific management strategies that incorporate community resilience in the management of human-wildlife conflict. This could inform HWC management policy and conservation planning to achieve coexistence that benefits both people and wildlife, particularly in low-income countries with similar socio-ecological settings. Overall, our findings provide a new perspective on human-wildlife conflict management that policymakers, researchers, and protected area managers around the world can use to build community resilience to facilitate coexistence.</li> </ol>
Human wildlife conflict in Shuklaphanta National Park
<p>Human-wildlife interactions occur when humans and wildlife coexist and share common resources including food or shelter. Increasing wildlife populations within protected areas can also increase interactions with humans living adjacent to these areas, resulting in conflicts including human casualty, livestock depredation, crop damage, and property loss. We collected the data between 28 September 2021 to 8 January 2022. We analyzed six years of human-wildlife conflict data from 2016–2021 in the buffer zone of Shuklaphanta National Park and conducted a questionnaire survey to investigate factors influencing human-wildlife conflicts. The analyses were done using descriptive statistics and generalized linear modeling. People were attacked primarily by wild boar (<em>Sus</em> <em>scrofa</em>). Mostly, the livestock were killed by leopard (<em>Panthera</em> <em>pardus</em>), and among these most were sheep or goats killed near ShNP during summer. Crops were most frequently damaged by Asian elephants (<em>Elephas</em> <em>maximus</em>), followed by wild boar. The greatest economic losses were from damage to rice, followed by sugarcane and wheat. Asian elephant was the only reported species to cause structural damage to property (e.g., homes). The majority of respondents considered that the mitigation techniques that are currently in practice are effective to reduce conflicts. However, the effectiveness of the mitigation techniques is species-specific, and we recommend the use of more efficacious deterrents (e.g., electric fencing) for large herbivores and mesh wire fencing partially buried in the ground. Effective collaboration among different tiers of government, non-governmental organizations, civil societies, and affected communities is important to share the best practices and continue to apply innovative methods for impactful mitigation of human-wildlife conflicts in the region. The dataset contains this information for 300 households around Shuklaphanta National Park region.</p>
Data from: Increased male-induced harm in response to female-limited selection: interactive effects between intra- and interlocus sexual conflict?
<p><span>Interlocus sexual conflict (IRSC) occurs because of shared interactions that have opposite effects on male and female fitness. Typically, it is assumed that loci involved in IRSC have sex-limited expression and are thus not directly affected by selective pressures acting on the other sex. However, if loci involved in IRSC have pleiotropic effects in the other sex, intersexual selection can shape the evolutionary dynamics of conflict escalation and resolution, as well as the evolution of reproductive traits linked to IRSC loci, and vice versa. Here we used an artificial selection approach in</span><span> Japanese quail (<em>Coturnix</em> <em>japonica</em>) to test if female-limited selection on reproductive investment affects the amount of harm caused by males during mating. We found that males originating from lines selected for high female reproductive investment caused more oxidative damage in the female reproductive tract than males originating from lines selected for low female reproductive investment. This male-induced damage was specific to the oviduct and not found in other female tissues, suggesting that it was ejaculate-mediated. Our results suggest that intersexual selection shapes the evolution of IRSC and that male-induced harm may contribute to the maintenance of variation in female reproductive investment.</span></p>
Phylogenomic conflict analyses in the apple genus Malus s.l. reveal widespread hybridization and allopolyploidy driving diversification, with insights into the complex biogeographic history in the Northern Hemisphere
<p>Phylogenomic evidence from an increasing number of studies has demonstrated that different data sets and analytical approaches often reconstruct strongly supported but conflicting relationships. In this study, 785 single-copy nuclear genes and 75 complete plastomes were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships and estimate the historical biogeography of the apple genus <em>Malus</em> sensu lato, an economically important lineage disjunctly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and involved in known and suspected hybridization and allopolyploidy events. The nuclear phylogeny recovered the monophyly of <em>Malus</em> s.l. (including <em>Docynia</em>); however, the genus was supported to be biphyletic in the plastid phylogeny. An ancient chloroplast capture event in the Eocene in western North America best explains the cytonuclear discordance. Our conflict analysis demonstrated that ILS, hybridization, and allopolyploidy could explain the widespread nuclear gene tree discordance. One deep hybridization event (<em>Malus doumeri)</em> and one recent event (<em>Malus</em> coronaria) were detected in <em>Malus</em> s.l. Furthermore, our historical biogeographic analysis integrating living and fossil data supported a widespread East Asian-western North American origin of <em>Malus</em> s.l. in the Eocene, followed by several extinction and dispersal events in the Northern Hemisphere. We also propose a general workflow for assessing phylogenomic discordance and biogeographic analysis using deep genome skimming datasets.</p>
Phylogenomics reveals patterns ancient hybridization and differential diversification that contribute to phylogenetic conflict in willows, poplars, and close relatives
<p>Despite the economic, ecological, and scientific importance of the genera <em>Salix</em> L. (willows) and <em>Populus</em> L. (poplars, cottonwoods, and aspens) Salicaceae, we know little about the sources of differences in species diversity between the genera and of the phylogenetic conflict that often confounds estimating phylogenetic trees. <em>Salix</em> subgenera and sections, in particular, have been difficult to classify, with one recent attempt termed a 'spectacular failure' due to a speculated radiation of the subgenera <em>Vetrix</em> and <em>Chamaetia</em>. Here we use targeted sequence capture to understand the evolutionary history of this portion of the Salicaceae plant family. Our phylogenetic hypothesis was based on 787 gene regions and identified extensive phylogenetic conflict among genes. Our analysis supported some previously described subgeneric relationships and confirmed polyphyly of others. Using an f<sub>branch</sub> analysis we identified several cases of hybridization in deep branches of the phylogeny, which likely contributed to discordance among gene trees. In addition, we identified a rapid increase in diversification rate near the origination of the <em>Vetrix</em>-<em>Chamaetia</em> clade in <em>Salix</em>. This region of the tree coincided with several nodes that lacked strong statistical support, indicating a possible increase in incomplete lineage sorting due to rapid diversification. The extraordinary level of both recent and ancient hybridization in both <em>Salix</em> and <em>Populus</em> have played important roles in the diversification and diversity in these two genera.</p>
Data from: Testing concordance and conflict in spatial replication of landscape genetics inferences
<p class="MsoNormal">The degree to which landscape genetics findings can be extrapolated to different areas of a species range is poorly understood. Here, we used a broadly distributed ectothermic lizard (<em>Sceloporus occidentalis</em>, Western Fence lizard) as a model species to evaluate the full role of topography, climate, vegetation, and roads on dispersal and genetic differentiation. We conducted landscape genetics analyses in five areas within the Sierra Nevada mountain range. Genetic distances calculated from thousands of ddRAD markers were used to optimize landscape resistance surfaces and infer the effects of landscape and topographic features. Across study areas, we found a great deal of consistency in the primary environmental gradients impacting genetic connectivity, along with some site-specific differences, and a range in the proportion genetic variance explained by environmental factors across study sites. High-elevation colder areas were consistently found to be barriers to gene flow, as were areas of high ruggedness and slope. High temperature seasonality and high precipitation during the winter wet season also presented a substantial barrier to gene flow in a majority of study areas. The effect of other landscape variables on genetic differentiation was more idiosyncratic and depended on specific attributes at each site. Across study areas, canyon valleys were always implicated as facilitators to dispersal and key features linking populations and maintaining genetic connectivity, though the relative importance varied in different areas. We emphasize that spatial data layers are complex and multidimensional, and careful consideration of spatial data correlation structure and robust analytic frameworks will be critical to our continued understanding of spatial genetics processes.</p>
How User Language Affects Conflict Fatality Estimates in ChatGPT, Query script and dataset
<p>*both authors contributed equally</p> <p>Automated query script for automated language bias studies in GPT 3-5</p> <p>Dataset of the paper "How User Language Affects Conflict Fatality Estimates in ChatGPT" preprint available on ArXiv</p>
Armed conflict avalanches and Voronoi grids for Africa
<p>This description outlines the dataset associated with the research paper "Discovering the Mesoscale for Chains of Conflict," published in PNAS Nexus (click <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad228">here</a> to view the article). Please cite this paper if you use our dataset.</p> <p>The dataset is divided into two main folders:</p> <ol> <li> <p>"voronoi_grids": This folder contains 100 realizations of Voronoi tessellations over the African continent. These tessellations were generated during the research process detailed in the aforementioned paper.</p> </li> <li> <p>"avalanches": The "avalanches" folder comprises conflict avalanches derived from each of the realizations of the Voronoi tessellations. These avalanches were generated using the technique described in the research paper.</p> </li> </ol> <p>Reading avalanches from the pickle files:</p> <p>The avalanches are stored in pickle files, and the following Python code can be used to read them:</p> <pre><code class="language-python">import dill as pickle # Temporal scale. Choose one of the following values: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 time = 32 # Spatial scale. Choose one of the following values: 20, 28, 40, 57, 80, 113, 160, 226, 320, 453, 640, 905, 1280 dx = 453 # Voronoi grid index. Choose from 0 to 99 gridix = 3 file_path = f"avalanches/battles/gridix_{gridix}/te/te_ava_{str(time)}_{str(dx)}.p" with open(file_path, "rb") as f: ava = pickle.load(f) ava_event = ava["ava_event"]</code></pre> <p> </p> <p>The extracted avalanches are in "event form," represented as a list of lists, where each element corresponds to the index of an individual conflict event in the ACLED dataset. Each sublist represents an avalanche. The total number of avalanches at the given temporal and spatial scale can be determined by the length of <code>ava_event</code> (<code>len(ava_event)</code>).</p> <p>ACLED Dataset:</p> <p>Due to copyright issues, we are providing a filtered version of the ACLED dataset that we used in our study. To obtain the full version of the ACLED dataset containing all the information regarding each conflict event, please refer to the final bullet point of the manual installation instructions of our python pacakge <a href="http://github.com/eltrompetero/armed_conflict_avalanche/tree/PNAS_Nexus_2023">arcolanche</a>.</p>
Female reproductive fluid and male seminal fluid: A non-gametic conflict for post-mating control
<p>Growing evidence shows that non-gametic components released by both males and females can significantly drive sperm competition outcomes. Seminal fluid (SF) was shown to influence paternity success by affecting rival males' sperm performance, and, in some species with male alternative reproductive tactics, to selectively decrease the fertilization success of males of the opposite tactic. Female reproductive fluid (FRF) has been proven to differentially influence ejaculates of different males and bias fertilization towards specific partners. Whether, and with what outcome, these two processes can intersect to influence sperm competition is still unknown. Here we explore this scenario in the grass goby (<em>Zosterisessor ophiocephalus</em>), a fish with territorial-sneaker reproductive tactics, where sneaker males can exploit the territorials' SF while penalizing territorial sperm performance with their own fluid. To test whether FRF can rebalance the ejaculate competition in favour of territorial males, we used in vitro fertilization with a SF mixture (territorial + sneaker), using increasing concentrations of FRF, to simulate the natural conditions that ejaculates encounter towards the eggs. Our findings revealed a differential effect of FRF on the different tactics' fertilization success, favouring territorial ejaculates, possibly through an attenuation of the detrimental effects of sneaker SF, and enabling females to regain control over the fertilization process.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.