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270 results for “Darwin wasps”
FIGURE 4. Epelaspis anorus Townes, 1970 in Revisiting the Darwin wasp genus Epelaspis Townes, 1970 (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Phygadeuontinae): five new species, new records and a key to Neotropical species
FIGURE 4. Epelaspis anorus Townes, 1970. Distribution map (purple circle for type locality and yellow circle for new record).
Figs 16–21 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: subfamily Rhyssinae
Figs 16–21. Epirhyssa theloides, female: 16 — habitus (without apices of antennae and ovipositor), lateral view; 17 — head, front view; 18 — antennae, dorsal view; 19 — head and mesosoma, dorsal view; 20 — first tergite, lateral view; 21 — trochanters of mid leg, lateral view. Рис. 16–21. Epirhyssa theloides, самка: 16 — габитус (беЗ верШин антенн и Яйцеклада), сбоку; 17 — голова, спереди; 18 — антенны, сверху; 19 — голова и меЗосома, сверху; 20 — первый тергит, сбоку; 21 — вертлуги средней ноги, сбоку.
Figs 1–8 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: subfamily Rhyssinae
Figs 1–8. Epirhyssa mexicana, female: 1 — head with antennae, dorso-lateral view; 2 — head, front view; 3 — clypeus, front view; 4 — head, mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral view; 5 — mesoscutum and scutellum, dorso-lateral view; 6 — apex of fore wing; 7 — apex of metasoma, lateral view; 8 — apex of metasoma, dorsal view. Рис. 1–8. Epirhyssa mexicana, самка: 1 — голова с антеннами, сверху и сбоку; 2 — голова, спереди; 3 — клипеус, спереди; 4 — голова, меЗосома и основание метасомы, сбоку; 5 — меЗоскутум и скутеллум, сверху и сбоку; 6 — верШина переднего крыла; 7 — верШина метасомы, сбоку; 8 — верШина метасомы, сверху.
Figs 9–15 in Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: subfamily Rhyssinae
Figs 9–15. Epirhyssa oaxaca, female: 9 — habitus (without antennae and ovipositor), lateral view; 10 — head, front view; 11 — clypeus, front view; 12 — head with antennae, lateral view; 13 — mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral view; 14 — apex of metasoma, lateral view; 15 — apex of metasoma, dorsal view. Рис. 9–15. Epirhyssa oaxaca, самка: 9 — габитус (беЗ антенн и Яйцеклада), вид сбоку; 10 — голова, вид спереди; 11 — клипеус, вид спереди; 12 — голова с антеннами, вид сбоку; 13 — меЗосома и основание метасомы, вид сбоку; 14 — верШина метасомы, вид сбоку; 15 — верШина метасомы, вид сверху.
FIGURE 4 in Filling gaps in the knowledge of the Colombian Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): new records, description of unknown males, and taxonomical notes
FIGURE 4. Species of Pimplinae (Ichneumonidae) from Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve, Colombia: A) Neotheronia lineata (Fabricius) (in vivo; ♁); B) Pimpla albomarginata Cameron (in vivo; ♀); C) Pimpla punicepis Cresson (in vivo; ♀); D) Pimpla pyramis (Porter) (♀). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 3 in Filling gaps in the knowledge of the Colombian Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): new records, description of unknown males, and taxonomical notes
FIGURE 3. Species of Dolichomitus Smith from Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve, Colombia. A–C. Dolichomitus mariajoseae Araujo & Pádua: A) Habitus (in vivo; ♀); B) Habitus (♁); C) Mid coxa, lateral view (♁). D–F. Dolichomitus menai Araujo & Pádua: D) Habitus (in vivo; ♀); E) Habitus (♁); F) Mid coxa, lateral view (♁). G–I. Dolichomitus orejuelai Araujo & Pádua: G) Habitus (in vivo; ♀); H) Habitus (in vivo; ♁); I) Mid coxa, lateral view (♁). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2 in Filling gaps in the knowledge of the Colombian Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae): new records, description of unknown males, and taxonomical notes
FIGURE 2. Species of Darwin wasps (Ichneumonidae) from Mesenia-Paramillo Nature Reserve, Colombia: A) Aphanistes silviae Alvarado (♀) (Anomaloninae); B) Woldstedius paulus Dasch (♀) (Diplazontinae); C) Forestopius auguratricis Alvarado & Palacio (♀) (Metopiinae); D) Acrotaphus pseudoamazonicus Pádua & Sääksjärvi (in vivo; ♀) (Pimplinae); E) Anastelgis garciai Gauld (in vivo; ♀) (Pimplinae). Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIGURES 35–39 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 35–39. Zonopimpla nutabilis sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 35—habitus, lateral; 36—head, mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral. Zonopimpla puebla sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 37—habitus, lateral; 38—head, front; 39—apex of ovipositor, lateral.
FIGURES 50–55 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 50–55. Zonopimpla humbertoi, ♀ (Panama): 50—habitus, lateral; 51—head, front; 52—head and anterior part of mesosoma, dorsal; 53—mesosoma, lateral; 54—base of metasoma, dorsolateral; 55—apex of ovipositor, lateral.
FIGURES 1–5 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 1–5. Clydonium quintanillai, ♀ (Tamaulipas): 1—habitus (without antennae), lateral; 2—head, front; 3—head and mesoscutum, dorsal; 4—mesosoma, lateral; 5—apex of ovipositor, lateral.
FIGURES 10–14 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 10–14. Zonopimpla atriceps, ♀ (Tamaulipas): 10—habitus, lateral; 11—head, front; 12—mesosoma, lateral; 13— posterior part of metasoma, lateral; 14—base of metasoma, antero-dorso-lateral.
FIGURES 45–49 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 45–49. Clydonium zamoranensis sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 45—habitus (without antennae), lateral; 46—head, front; 47—mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral; 48—posterior part of mesosoma and base of metasoma, dorsolateral; 49—apex of ovipositor, lateral.
FIGURES 33–34 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 33–34. Zonopimpla munifica sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 33—base of metasoma, dorsal; 34—apex of ovipositor, lateral.
FIGURES 40–44 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 40–44. Zonopimpla puebla sp. nov., holotype (41, 42, 44) and paratype (40, 43), ♀ (41–44) and ♁ (40): 40—habitus, lateral; 41—mesosoma, lateral; 42—head and mesosoma, dorsal; 43—base of metasoma, dorsal; 44—metasomal tergites 2–4, dorsal.
FIGURES 28–32 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 28–32. Zonopimpla munifica sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 28—habitus, lateral; 29—head, front; 30—head and mesoscutum, dorsal; 31—head and mesosoma, dorsal; 32—head, mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral.
FIGURES 6–9 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 6–9. Clydonium quintanillai, ♀ (Tamaulipas): 6—metasomal tergites 2–6, dorsal. Clydonium porteri sp. nov., holotype, ♀: 7—mesosoma, lateral. Odontopimpla fasciata, ♀ (from Gauld 1991): 8—hind femur, lateral; 9—apex of ovipositor, lateral.
FIGURES 15–18 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 15–18. Zonopimpla lorraineae, ♀ (Jalisco): 15—habitus, dorsal; 16—head, front; 17—mesosoma, lateral; 18—base of metasoma, antero-dorso-lateral.
FIGURES 19–22 in Darwin wasps of the subfamily Pimplinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) of Mexico: Camptotypus genus-group
FIGURES 19–22. Zonopimpla malevola sp. nov., holotype (19–21) and paratype (22), ♀: 19—habitus, lateral; 20—head, front; 21—head, mesosoma and base of metasoma, lateral; 22—head and mesosoma, dorsal.
Data from: “Darwin’s corollary” and cytoplasmic incompatibility induced by Cardinium may contribute to speciation in Encarsia wasps (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
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Mind the outgroup and bare branches in total-evidence dating: a case study of Pimpliform Darwin Wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)
<p>Taxon sampling is a central aspect of phylogenetic study design, but it has received limited attention in the context of total-evidence dating, a widely used dating approach that directly integrates molecular and morphological information from extant and fossil taxa. We here assess the impact of commonly employed outgroup sampling schemes and missing morphological data in extant taxa on age estimates in a total-evidence dating analysis under the uniform tree prior. Our study group is Pimpliformes, a highly diverse, rapidly radiating group of parasitoid wasps of the family Ichneumonidae. We analyze a data set comprising 201 extant and 79 fossil taxa, including the oldest fossils of the family from the Early Cretaceous and the first unequivocal representatives of extant subfamilies from the mid Paleogene. Based on newly compiled molecular data from ten nuclear genes and a morphological matrix that includes 222 characters, we show that age estimates become both older and less precise with the inclusion of more distant and more poorly sampled outgroups. These outgroups not only lack morphological and temporal information, but also sit on long terminal branches and considerably increase the evolutionary rate heterogeneity. In addition, we discover an artefact that might be detrimental for total-evidence dating: "bare-branch attraction", namely high attachment probabilities of certain fossils to terminal branches for which morphological data are missing. Using computer simulations, we confirm the generality of this phenomenon and show that a large phylogenetic distance to any of the extant taxa, rather than just older age, increases the risk of a fossil being misplaced due to bare-branch attraction. After restricting outgroup sampling and adding morphological data for the previously attracting, bare branches, we recover a Jurassic origin for Pimpliformes and Ichneumonidae. This first age estimate for the group not only suggests an older origin than previously thought, but also that diversification of the crown group happened well before the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary. Our case study demonstrates that in order to obtain robust age estimates, total-evidence dating studies need to be based on a thorough and balanced sampling of both extant and fossil taxa, with the aim of minimizing evolutionary rate heterogeneity and missing morphological information.</p>
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