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360 results for “Defence”
Data from: Harnessing ant defence at fruits reduces bruchid seed predation in a symbiotic ant-plant mutualism
In horizontally transmitted mutualisms, mutualists disperse separately and reassemble in each generation with partners genetically unrelated to those in the previous generation. Because of this, there should be no selection on either partner to enhance the other's reproductive output directly. In symbiotic ant–plant mutualisms, myrmecophytic plants host defensive ant colonies, and ants defend the plants from herbivores. Plants and ants disperse separately, and, although ant defence can indirectly increase plant reproduction by reducing folivory, it is unclear whether ants can also directly increase plant reproduction by defending seeds. The neotropical tree Cordia alliodora hosts colonies of Azteca pittieri ants. The trees produce domatia where ants nest at stem nodes and also at the node between the peduncle and the rachides of the infloresence. Unlike the stem domatia, these reproductive domatia senesce after the tree fruits each year. In this study, I show that the tree's resident ant colony moves into these ephemeral reproductive domatia, where they tend honeydew-producing scale insects and patrol the nearby developing fruits. The presence of ants significantly reduced pre-dispersal seed predation by Amblycerus bruchid beetles, thereby directly increasing plant reproductive output.
Data from: Combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis identifies defence responses in spider-mite infested pepper
<p>Plants regulate responses towards herbivory through fine-tuning of defence-related hormone production, expression of defence genes and production of secondary metabolites. Jasmonic acid (JA) plays a key role in plant-herbivorous arthropod interactions. To understand how pepper responds to herbivory, leaf transcriptomes and metabolomes of two genotypes different in their susceptibility to spider mites, were studied. Mites induced both JA and salicylic acid (SA) signalling. However, mite infestation and exogenous JA resulted in distinct transcriptome profiles. Compared with JA, mites induced less differentially expressed genes involved in metabolic processes (except for genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway) and lipid metabolic processes. Furthermore, pathogen-related defence responses including WRKY transcription factors, were stronger induced upon mite infestation, likely as result of induced SA signalling. Untargeted analysis of secondary metabolites confirmed that JA treatment induced larger changes in metabolism than spider-mite infestation, resulting in a higher terpenoid and flavonoid production. The more resistant genotype exhibited a larger increase in endogenous JA and volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites upon infestation, which could explain its stronger defence. Reasoning that in JA-SA antagonizing crosstalk, SA-defences are prioritized over JA-defences, we hypothesize that lack of SA-mediated repression of JA-induced defences could result in gain-of-resistance towards spider mites in pepper.</p>
Plant defence to sequential attack is adapted to prevalent herbivores
<p class="Paragraph">Plants have evolved plastic defence strategies<sup> </sup>to deal with uncertainty of when, by which species and in which order attack by herbivores will take place. However, the responses to current herbivore attack may come with a cost of compromising resistance to other, later arriving herbivores. Due to antagonistic cross-talk between physiological regulation of plant resistance to phloem-feeding and leaf-chewing herbivores, the feeding guild of the initial herbivore is considered to be the primary factor determining whether resistance to subsequent attack is compromised. We show that, by investigating 90 pair-wise insect-herbivore interactions among ten different herbivore species, resistance of the annual plant <i>Brassica nigra</i> to a later arriving herbivore species is not explained by feeding guild of the initial attacker. Instead, the prevalence of herbivore species that arrive on induced plants as approximated by three years of season-long insect community assessments in the field explained cross-resistance. Plants maintained resistance to prevalent herbivores in common patterns of herbivore arrival and compromises in resistance especially occurred for rare patterns of herbivore attack. We conclude that plants tailor induced defence strategies to deal with common patterns of sequential herbivore attack and anticipate arrival of the most prevalent herbivores.</p>
Chaoborus induced defences in Daphnia pulex (raw images)
<p>Raw images of Daphnia pulex exposed to control conditions or predator cues from Chaoborus larvae (<a href="/api/files/e95ff93a-55d1-46c8-b548-83c68b3fb4d7/DAPCHA_raw_images_Daphnia.tar.gz?versionId=0c3fee60-e92d-4a62-97b5-c2e571040c75">DAPCHA_raw_images_Daphnia.tar.gz</a>)</p> <p>Raw images of microstage meters; each image is associated with one respective Daphnia image to allow for size estimation of animals (see above) (<a href="/api/files/e95ff93a-55d1-46c8-b548-83c68b3fb4d7/DAPCHA_raw_images_MicrostageMeter.tar.gz?versionId=a0408c06-f030-4252-913f-231bd7928838">DAPCHA_raw_images_MicrostageMeter.tar.gz</a>) </p> <p> </p> <p>File names are coded as below:</p> <p>*_BARCODEid_PONDid_CLONEid_MICROSCOPEstation_DATE.TIME</p>
Figure 3 in Size, spines and crochets: defences of luna moth caterpillars against predation by brown anoles
Figure 3. Close-ups of luna moth caterpillars sporting scoli equipped with spines that are effective as defence against anoles. Scoli may deliver an aposematic signal as they can vary in colour from green (freshly molted fourth instar, top left) and black (late fourth instar, bottom left) to blue (freshly molted fifth instar, top right) and red (late fifth instar, bottom right).
Figure 2 in Size, spines and crochets: defences of luna moth caterpillars against predation by brown anoles
Figure 2. Top and middle: caterpillars of the luna moth, Actias luna; bottom: caterpillar of the io moth, Automeris io (Saturniidae).
Figure 1 in Size, spines and crochets: defences of luna moth caterpillars against predation by brown anoles
Figure 1. Left: the brown anole (Anolis sagrei); right: the green anole (Anolis carolinensis). Both species are common in Florida and exhibit excellent climbing abilities, which allow them to hunt for caterpillars on plants.
FIG. 3 in Resource defence mating system in two ¯ies from Sulawesi: Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann and Telostylinus sp. near duplicatus Wiedemann (Diptera: Neriidae)
FIG. 3. Male`A' of G. fuscus is mating with a female on the left beside the active beetleboring that he guarded daily. The small male`C' is ignored while mating with a female on the right. Male`A' subsequently prevented this female from laying any eggs in his prime site.
FIG. 2 in Resource defence mating system in two ¯ies from Sulawesi: Gymnonerius fuscus Wiedemann and Telostylinus sp. near duplicatus Wiedemann (Diptera: Neriidae)
FIG. 2. Male`A' of G. fuscus was easily recognized because he had a front leg missing. While copulating with a female he turns at 90ss to face the approaching male`B'.
Antibacterial and anatomical defences in an oil contaminated, vulnerable seaduck
Oil-spills have killed thousands of birds during the last 100 years, but non-lethal effects of oil-spills on birds remain poorly studied. We measured phenotype characters in 279 eiders Somateria mollissima of which 13.6% were oiled. We tested the hypotheses that (1) the morphology of eiders does not change due to oil contamination; (2) the anatomy of organs reflects the physiological reaction to contamination e.g. increase in metabolic demand, increase in food intake and counteracting toxic effects of oil; (3) large locomotion apparatus that facilitates locomotion increase the risk of getting oiled; and (4) individual eiders with a higher production of secretions from the uropygial grand were more likely to have oil on their plumage. We tested whether 19 characters differed between oiled and non-oiled individuals, showing a consistent pattern. The final model retained seven predictor variables showing relationships between eiders contaminated with oil and food consumption, flight and diving abilities. We tested whether these effects were due to differences in body condition, liver mass, empty gizzard mass or other characters that could have been affected by impaired flight and diving ability. There was no evidence of such negative impact of oiling on eiders. We found that significant exposure to oil was associated with increased diversity of antibacterial defence. Oiled eiders did not constitute a random sample, and superior diving ability as reflected by large foot area were at a selective disadvantage during oil spills. Thus, specific characteristics predispose eiders to oiling, with an adaptation to swimming, diving and flying being traded against the costs of oiling. In contrast, individuals with a high degree of physiological plasticity may experience an advantage because their uropygial secretions counteract the effects of oil contamination. --
Personality, Defences, Central Sensitization, and Trauma in Women With Chronic Migraine, Fibromyalgia, and Vulvodynia
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06138171. IPD Sharing: UNDECIDED. Countries: 1. Publications: 71.
Data from: Turning defence into offence? intrusion of cladoceran brood chambers by a green alga leads to reproductive failure
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Data from: Chemical defence in avian brood parasites: production and function of repulsive secretions in common cuckoo chicks
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Data from: A novel alarm signal in aquatic prey: Familiar minnows coordinate group defences against predators through chemical disturbance cues
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Data from: Effects of insularity on insect leaf herbivory and chemical defences in a Mediterranean oak species
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Data from: The golden mimicry complex uses a wide spectrum of defence to deter a community of predators
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Data from: Evolution of defence cocktails: antimicrobial peptide combinations reduce mortality and persistent infection
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Data from: Testing the hypothesis of loss of defences on islands across a wide latitudinal gradient of Periploca laevigata populations
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Climate influences the value of a plant structural defence against browsing
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Data from: Genomic signatures of fine‐scale local selection in Atlantic salmon suggest involvement of sexual maturation, energy homeostasis, and immune defence‐related genes
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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