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318 results for “Direct development”
FIGURE 1 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURE 1. The history of discovery of terraranan frogs. (A) Discovery curve showing cumulative number of valid species through time, illustrating an increase in rate in recent decades. The names of the three herpetologists mostly responsible for the rate increase are noted. (B) Average number of valid species described each year, calculated over intervals of 20 years.
FIGURES 7–12. 7 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 7–12. 7. Brachycephalus ephippium of the Family Brachycephalidae, from Municipio Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil. Photo by C. F. B. Haddad. 8. Ischnocnema guentheri of the I. guentheri Species Series, from Caparao, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Photo by J. L. Gasparini. 9. Ischnocnema holti of the I. lactea Species Series from Brejo da Lapa Itatiaia Itamonte, São Paulo, Brazil. Photo by C. F. B. Haddad. 10. Ischnocnema randorum of the I. lactea Species Series from Santa Virginia São Luiz de Paraitinga, São Paulo, Brazil. C. F. B. Haddad. 11. Ischnocnema parva of the I. parva Species Series, from Intervales Copão Bonito, São Paulo, Brazil, Photo by C. F. B. Haddad. 12. Ischnocnema verrucosa of the I. verrucosa Species Series, from Municipio Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Brazil. Photo by C. F. B. Haddad.
FIGURES 40–43. 40 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 40–43. 40. Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) flavescens of the E. flavescens Species Group, E. auriculatus Species Series, from 2 km N Boca de Yuma, La Altagracia, Dominican Republic. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 41. Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) martinicensis of the E. martinicensis Species Group, E. auriculatus Species Series, from Roseau, Dominica. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 42. Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) richmondi of the E. richmondi Species Series, from 1.3 km S and 1.1 km E El Yunque Peak, Puerto Rico. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 43. Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) lamprotes of the E. lamprotes Species Group, E. varians Species Series, from 2–3 km S Castillon, Grand'Anse, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges.
FIGURES 26–27. 26 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 26–27. 26. Craugastor (Hylactophryne) augusti of the C. augusti Species Series from Agua del Obispo, Guerrrero, Mexico. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 27. Craugastor (Hylactophryne) spatulatus of the C. bocourti Species Series from 3 km SW Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico. Photo by W. E. Duellman.
FIGURES 15–20. 15 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 15–20. 15. Craugastor (Campbellius) daryi from 3.8 km E Purulhá, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala. Photo by J. A. Campbell. 16. Craugastor (Craugastor) crassidigitus of the C. fitzingeri Species Group from 14 km N San Isidro del General, San José, Costa Rica. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 17. Craugastor (Craugastor) fitzingeri of the C. fitzingeri Species Group from Barro Colorado Island, Panama, Panama. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 18. Craugastor (Craugastor) andi of the C. melanostictus Species Group from Río Claro, 910 m, Bocas del Toro, Panama. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 19. Craugastor (Craugastor) gollmeri of the C. laticeps Species Series from Cerro Bruja Trail, Panama, Panama. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 20. Craugastor (Craugastor) aphanus of the C. gulosus Species Series from 11.6 km WSW Santo Tomás, Izabal, Guatemala. Photo by J. A. Campbell.
FIGURES 67–72. 67 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 67–72. 67. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) atkinsi of the E. atkinsi Species Group, E. planirostris Species Series, from Golf Course, Guantanamo Bay Naval Station, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 68. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) varleyi of the E. gundlachi Species Group, E. planirostris Species Series, from 2 km N La Munición, Guantánamo, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 69. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) limbatus of the E. limbatus Species Group, E. planirostris Species Series, from Soroa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 70. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) pezopetrus of the E. pezopetrus Species Group, E. planirostris Species Series, from 1.5 km NE La Cantera, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 71. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) pinarensis of the E. pinarensis Species Group, E. planirostris Species Series, from 12.4 km ESE Playa Girón, Matanzas, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 72. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) planirostris of the E. planirostris Species Group, E. planirostris Species Series, from 2.9 km NW Port Maria, St. Mary, Jamaica. Photo by S. B. Hedges.
FIGURES 61–66. 61 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 61–66. 61. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) bakeri of the E. bakeri Species Group, E. oxyrhyncus Species Series, from 11.7 km S and 1.7 km E Marché Léon, Grand'Anse, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 62. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) glandulifer of the E. glandulifer Species Group, E. oxyrhyncus Species Series, from south slope of Pic Formon, Sud, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 63. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) jugans of the E. jugans Species Group, E. oxyrhyncus Species Series, from 8.0 km NW Sequin, Sud'Est, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 64. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) oxyrhyncus of the E. oxyrhyncus Species Group, E. oxyrhyncus Species Series, from 1.5 km S Castillon, Grand'Anse, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 65. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) paulsoni of the E. paulsoni Species Group, E. oxyrhyncus Species Series, from 5.8 km S Pestel, Grand'Anse, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 66. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) rufifemoralis of the E. rufifemoralis Species Group, E. oxyrhyncus Species Series, from 2 km S Tejunde, Barahona, Dominican Republic. Photo by S. B. Hedges).
FIGURES 59–60. 59 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 59–60. 59. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) riparius of the E. riparius Species Group, E. luteolus Species Series, from Soroa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 60. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) toa of the E. toa Species Group, E. luteolus Species Series, from 7.7 km N Imias, Guantánamo, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges.
FIGURES 53–58. 53 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 53–58. 53. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) cuneatus of the E. cuneatus Species Group, E. luteolus Species Series, from southwest slope of Pico Turquino at Pico Cardero, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 54. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) cundalli of the E. cundalli Species Subgroup, E. luteolus Species Group, E. luteolus Species Series, from Quick Step, Trelawny, Jamaica. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 55. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) gossei of the E. gossei Species Subgroup, E. luteolus Species Group, E. luteolus Species Series, from 2.9 km N Port Maria, St. Mary, Jamaica. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 56. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) jamaicensis of the E. jamaicensis Species Subgroup, E. luteolus Species Group, E. luteolus Species Series, from 4.2 km W Ecclesdown, Portland, Jamaica. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 57. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) luteolus of the E. luteolus Species Subgroup, E. luteolus Species Group, E. luteolus Species Series, from 7.0 km WSW Old Hope, Westmoreland, Jamaica. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 58. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) nubicola of the E. nubicola Species Subgroup, E. luteolus Species Group, E. luteolus Species Series, from 1.3 km W Hardwar Gap, St. Andrew, Jamaica. Photo by S. B. Hedges.
FIGURES 82–85. 82 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 82–85. 82. Eleutherodactylus (Syrrhophus) leprus of the E. leprus Species Group, E. longipes Species Series, from San Andres Tuxtla, Veracruz, Mexico. Photo by W. E. Duellman. 83. Eleutherodactylus (Syrrhophus) dennisi of the E. longipes Species Group, E. longipes Species Series, from El Panehan Cave, 4.8 km N Antiguo Morelos, Tamaulipas, Mexico. Photo by J. A. Campbell. 84. Eleutherodactylus (Syrrhophus) marnockii of the E. marnockii Species Group, E. longipes Species Series, from San Marcos, Texas. Photo by D. G. Barker. 85. Eleutherodactylus (Syrrhophus) teretistes of the E. modestus Species Group, E. longipes Species Series, from 5 km NW Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico. Photo by W. E. Duellman.
FIGURE 77 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURE 77. Distribution of the subgenera Pelorius and Schwartzius (Hispaniola), and the Subgenus Syrrhophus (Cuba, North America, and Central America), Genus Eleutherodactylus, Subfamily Eleutherodactylinae, Family Eleutherodactylidae. The distribution of Schwartzius is completely within that of Pelorius.
FIGURES 73–76. 73 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 73–76. 73. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) lentus of the E. lentus Species Group, E. ricordii Species Series, from St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 74. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) pictissimus of the E. lentus Species Group, E. ricordii Species Series, from 5.8 km S Pestel, Grand'Anse, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 75. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) ricordii of the E. ricordii Species Group, E. ricordii Species Series, from 1–2 km E Boca de Yumurí, Guantánamo, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 76. Eleutherodactylus (Euhyas) zugi of the E. zugi Species Series, from Soroa, Pinar del Rio, Cuba. Photo by S. B. Hedges.
FIGURES 78–81. 78 in New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation
FIGURES 78–81. 78. Eleutherodactylus (Pelorius) inoptatus of the E. inoptatus Species Series, from 13 km SSW La Guazara, Barahona, Dominican Republic. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 79. Eleutherodactylus (Pelorius) nortoni of the E. inoptatus Species Series, from 6.5 km SW Seguin, Sud'Est, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 80. Eleutherodactylus (Pelorius) aporostegus of the E. ruthae Species Series, from 5–6 km NW Les Platons, Sud, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges. 81. Eleutherodactylus (Schwartzius) counouspeus from 13.5 km N Camp Perrin, Sud, Haiti. Photo by S. B. Hedges.
Figure 2 in Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs
Figure 2. Agar models in the shape of Eleutherodactylus coqui with thermal couplers inserted. Models were placed on the forest floor (a) and in arboreal vegetation (b) to determine operative body temperatures that hosts encounter in these microhabitats.
Figure 4 in Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs
Figure 4. Proportion of the infected adults (a) and the infected juveniles (b) using forest-floor (brown) or arboreal (green) microhabitats that presented different levels of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection intensities (given as Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis zoospore genomic equivalents). Above each bar we indicate the number of infected individuals in each category. For example there were only five infected juveniles found in arboreal substrate, and 20% of these had low Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection loads.
Figure 1 in Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs
Figure 1. Microhabitats considered in this study: forest floor and curled palm fronds in: (a) the floor, (b) bromeliads on vegetation above ground, and (c) foliage, tree trunks or branches ≥50 cm to 2.5 m above ground.
Figure 3 in Arboreality predicts Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection level in tropical direct-developing frogs
Figure 3. Variation on Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis infection intensity (zoospore genomic equivalents) among microhabitats used by all individuals (a), adults only (b), males only (c) and juveniles only (d), of Eleutherodactylus coqui. Prevalence of infection in each microhabitat is also observable by comparing percentage of colour versus white on each bar.
Figure 8 in Nidicolous tadpoles rather than direct development in Malagasy frogs of the genus Gephyromantis
Figure 8. Pictures of the preserved DNA voucher tadpole of Gephyromantis sp. aff. blanci (ZSM 649/2008). (A) Dorsal view; (B) lateral view; (C) oral disc. Note that anterior limbs have been partly removed as tissue sample for DNA barcoding.
Figure 7 in Nidicolous tadpoles rather than direct development in Malagasy frogs of the genus Gephyromantis
Figure 7. Larval development of Gephyromantis sp. aff. blanci from Ranomafana. Drawings were made on the basis of photographs of living specimens and are not to scale. Time is given as days after collection of the clutch; the actual time since egg deposition is unknown. Note in the photographs in ventral view that the larvae in comparatively early stages appear to have a developed mouth with jaws (no tadpole-like oral disc).
Figure 5 in Nidicolous tadpoles rather than direct development in Malagasy frogs of the genus Gephyromantis
Figure 5. Drawings of the preserved DNA voucher tadpole of Gephyromantis tschenki (ZSM 142/2007 – ZCMV 4335). (A) Dorsal view; (B) lateral view; (C) oral disc.
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