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FIGURE 8 in Male terminalia morphology of sixteen species of the Drosophila saltans group Sturtevant (Diptera, Drosophilidae)
FIGURE 8. Scanning electron micrographs of D. sturtevanti. male terminalia (A) Ventral and dorsal view of terminalia (630 x magnification). (B) Lateral view of aedeagus (1.490 x magnification). Arrow heads = "caudal" projection. Image from Madi-Ravazzi et al. (2021). (C) Dorsal view of aedeagus and middle ventral region of epandrium (1.470 x magnification). The imagens are from STV-1 (A, C) and STV-3 (B) strains. Abbreviations in Table 1.
FIGURE 10 in Male terminalia morphology of sixteen species of the Drosophila saltans group Sturtevant (Diptera, Drosophilidae)
FIGURE 10. Scanning electron micrographs of D. dacunhai male terminalia. (A) Dorsal view of terminalia (680 x magnification). (B) Dorsal view of aedeagus and middle ventral region of epandrium (1.570 x magnification). (C) Lateral view of aedeagus. Arrow heads = a groove in upper portion of ventral postgonite (1.680 x magnification). Image from Madi-Ravazzi et al. (2021). The imagens are from DAC strain. Abbreviations in Table 1.
FIGURE 7 in Male terminalia morphology of sixteen species of the Drosophila saltans group Sturtevant (Diptera, Drosophilidae)
FIGURE 7. Scanning electron micrographs of D. pseudosaltans male terminalia. (A) Ventral view of terminalia (576 x magnification). (B) Lateral view of aedeagus and phallapodeme (747 x magnification). (C) Ventral view of terminalia (532 x magnification). (D) Lateral view of aedeagus (1.210 x magnification). (E) Ventral view of terminalia and aedeagal apex (975 x magnification). The imagens are from PSE strain. Abbreviations in Table 1.
FIGURE 15 in Male terminalia morphology of sixteen species of the Drosophila saltans group Sturtevant (Diptera, Drosophilidae)
FIGURE 15. Scanning electron micrographs of D. neosaltans male terminalia. (A) Lateral view of aedeagal apex (1.220 x magnification). (B) Ventral view of aedeagal apex and surstyli (1.230 x magnification). (C) Ventral view of terminalia (432 x magnification). (D) Lateral and dorsal view of terminalia (380 x de magnification). (E) Lateral view of aedeagus and phallapodeme (457 x magnification). The imagens are from AG (A–D) and H1 (E) strains. Abbreviations in Table 1.
Life history traits in two Drosophila species differently affected by microbiota diversity under lead exposure
<p><em>We investigated the influence of population origin and heavy metal exposure to the diversity of microbiota in two species, Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila subobscura grown in laboratory on lead (II) acetate (Pb(CH3COO)<sub>2</sub>) saturated substrate. The composition of microbiota in larvae and adults was determined by sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 variable regions of the 16S rRNA gene.</em></p>
Reproductive ecology of Drosophila obscura: A cold adapted species
<p>The study of insect reproductive ecology is essential to determine species distributions and fate under changing environments. Species adapted to harsh environments are good examples to investigate the reproductive mechanisms that allow them to cope with the challenging conditions. We here focus on studying for the first time the reproductive ecology of a cold-adapted<em> D. obscura</em> strain collected in Finland (subarctic climate region). We tested several reproductive traits such as fertility and fecundity to observe the onset of reproduction and gauge when sexual maturity is reached in both males and females. We combined these measures with an analysis of changes of their reproductive organs shortly after eclosion. We found that males matured several days before females and that this process was underpinned by female egg maturation and male accessory gland growth, while sperm was already present in two-day old males. This delayed maturation is not observed to the same extent in other closely related species and might be a signature of exposure to harsh environments. Whether this delay is an adaptation to cope with variation in resource availability or prolonged unfavorable temperatures is though not clear. Finally, our study adds to the set of reproductive mechanisms used by cold adapted species and the information presented here contributes to understanding the breadth of Drosophila reproductive ecology.</p>
Phylogenetic and environmental patterns of sex-differentiation in physiological traits across Drosophila species
<p>Sex-based differences in physiological traits may be influenced by both evolutionary and environmental factors. Here we used male and female flies from >80 <em>Drosophila </em>species reared under common conditions to examine variance in a number of physiological traits including size, starvation, desiccation and thermal tolerance. Sex-based differences for desiccation and starvation resistance were comparable in magnitude to those for size, with females tending to be relatively more resistant than males. In contrast thermal resistance showed low divergence between the sexes. Phylogenetic signal was detected for measures of divergence between the sexes, such that species from the <em>Sophophora </em>clade showed larger differences between the sexes than species from the <em>Drosophila </em>clade. We also found that sex-based differences in desiccation resistance, body size and starvation resistance were weakly associated with climate (annual mean temperature/precipitation seasonality) but the direction and association with environment depended on phylogenetic position. The results suggest that divergence between the sexes can be linked to environmental factors, while an association with phylogeny suggests sex-based differences persist over long evolutionary time-frames. </p>
FIGURE 3 in Drosophila (Sophophora) carrolli n. sp., a new species from Brunei, closely related to Drosophila (Sophophora) rhopaloa Bock & Wheeler, 1972 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
FIGURE 3. Female terminalia, eggs and pupae. (A, A', B) last abdominal segments and spermatheca of D. carrolli (A, A') or D. rhopaloa (B) females. Note the strongly sclerotized plates (blue arrowheads) at the end of the oviduct in D. carrolli (A, A'), but not D. rhopaloa (B). Also note the teeth (bristles) on the egg-guides are slightly more numerous and stouter in D. carrolli (blue arrows). The rear view of a D. carrolli female laying an egg (A') shows the relative position of the sclerotized plates, the anal plates and the ovipositor. The spermathecae are marginally bigger and darker in age-matched D. carrolli compared to D. rhopaloa. (C, D) eggs of D. carrolli (C) and D. rhopaloa (D) in ventral view. Both species show characteristic spatula-shape respiratory appendages. These appendages vary in shape within species but show no notable difference between species. (E, F) pupae of D. carrolli (A) or D. rhopaloa (B) males about 24 hours before adult emergence. D. carrolli pupae are more rounded on their sides.
FIGURE 2. Male terminalia. Dissected parts from D in Drosophila (Sophophora) carrolli n. sp., a new species from Brunei, closely related to Drosophila (Sophophora) rhopaloa Bock & Wheeler, 1972 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
FIGURE 2. Male terminalia. Dissected parts from D. carrolli (A, C, E, G) or D. rhopaloa (B, D, F, H). (A, B) epandrium in dorsal view. Note the differences in sensory bristle length and distribution (blue ovals and arrowheads) as well as genital comb size (blue arrows) between species. The epandrium is always darker overall in D. carrolli. Phallus in ventral view (C, D) and side view (E, F). The phallus conformation in D. carrolli (C, E) is similar to that of D. rhopaloa (D, F), but shows quantitative difference in size and appears sturdier. The looping of the aedeagus base is more open in D. carrolli than in D. rhopaloa (blue double-arrows). (G, H), testes of D. carrolli (G) and D. rhopaloa (H) have similar shapes and coiling, but they appear bigger in D. carrolli, and show a characteristic bright yellow color compared to the dull yellow testes of D. rhopaloa.
FIGURE 1 in Drosophila (Sophophora) carrolli n. sp., a new species from Brunei, closely related to Drosophila (Sophophora) rhopaloa Bock & Wheeler, 1972 (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
FIGURE 1. Adult morphology and geographical range. (A–D) dorsal views of 5–7 day old adult Drosophila carrolli (A, male; B, female) and D. rhopaloa (C, male; D, female). (E, F) male abdomens of D. carrolli (E) and D. rhopaloa (F) in lateral (left) and ventral (right) views, showing variation in pigmentation intensity and testes color in mature specimens. Note the sharp lateral boundary of the darkly pigmented area on segment A5 and A6 in D. rhopaloa, but not D. carrolli (green arrows). Also note the bright yellow testes of D. carrolli, contrasting with the paler testes of D. rhopaloa (green arrowheads). (G, H) female abdomens of D. carrolli (G) and D. rhopaloa (H) in lateral views, showing variation in pigmentation intensity in mature specimens. (I, J) male wings of D. carrolli (I) and D. rhopaloa (J). Note the darker pigmentation at the anterior distal tip of of D. carrolli but not D. rhopaloa wings. (K, L) right antennae of males, showing no notable difference in the arista branching between D. carrolli (K) and D. rhopaloa (L), but a relatively shorter 3rd antennal segment in D. rhopaloa (double arrows). (M, N) sex combs on the 1st and 2nd tarsal segments of forelegs in D. carrolli (M) and D. rhopaloa (N) showing no notable differences in teeth shape or pattern. Note that image on panel M is modified from Barmina & Kopp (2007). (O) Map of South East Asia showing localities where D. rhopaloa (white circles) and D. carrolli (red circle) were found. The circle with dotted outline denotes an imprecise locality.
Figures 13 – 18 in Three new species of Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the eastern Andes of Ecuador
Figures 13 – 18. Drosophila quijos sp. nov. (13) abdomen (scale bar = 1mm); (14) epandrium, cerci, surstyli and decasternum; (15) hypandrium and broken gonopods in ventral view; (16 – 18) aedeagus, paraphyses and broken gonopods in dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively (scale bar = 100µm).
Figures 7 – 12 in Three new species of Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the eastern Andes of Ecuador
Figures 7 – 12. Drosophila cuyuja sp. nov. (7), abdomen (scale bar = 1mm); (8) epandrium, cerci, surstyli and decasternum; (9) hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view; (10 − 12) aedeagus and paraphyses in dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively (scale bar = 100µm).
Figures 1 – 6 in Three new species of Drosophila tripunctata group (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the eastern Andes of Ecuador
Figures 1 – 6. Drosophila napoensis sp. nov. (1) abdomen (scale bar = 1mm); (2) epandrium, cerci, surstyli and decasternum; (3) hypandrium and gonopods in ventral view; (4 − 6) aedeagus in dorsal, lateral and ventral view, respectively (scale bar = 100µm).
Fig. 2 in Major range loss predicted from lack of heat adaptability in an alpine Drosophila species
Fig. 2. Heat knock-down results for the three regimes (C, L, A) of two populations (Kaserstattalm, Pfitscherjoch). Colours indicate the temperature at which the flies were reared in the generation used for testing knock-down performance. Significances based on analyses of variance and Bonferroni post hoc tests (n = 875, alpha = 0.05) are indicated by lower-case letters. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 4 in Major range loss predicted from lack of heat adaptability in an alpine Drosophila species
Fig. 4. Ecological niche modelling of habitable area of Drosophila nigrosparsa for pre-current, immanent, proximate, and distant future. (a) Multi-model consensus predictions of precurrent and future high emission scenarios (SRES A2 and RCP8.5). (b) PNO profiles for different time periods (pre-current, 2020s, 2030s, 2080s) scaled according to the suitable area based on the MTP (whole distribution area) and MTSS (core area) as well as histograms of frequencies of available altitude in the study region. For details, see Section 2.6 and Supporting Information S1.
Fig. 1 in Major range loss predicted from lack of heat adaptability in an alpine Drosophila species
Fig. 1. Overview of experiments. Years 2012–2016 with months abbreviated; G1-G20…generation number for selection regimes, L and A; controls C developed more slowly resulting in a difference of one generation at Generation 19 of the selection regimes; coll…collecting of flies in two populations, Kaserstattalm and Pfitscherjoch; breeding…flies were reared at a fluctuating ambient temperature mimicking natural daily conditions; red upward pointing arrow…increasing the ambient temperature by 0.5 ̊C for L and A; KD…artificial selection of A in heat knock-down tube; N14…founding of lines using fresh flies collected from the field in 2014 to test for possible laboratory adaptation; s… replicate lines from each regime were combined to create new synthetic lines to control for possible inbreeding effects; larv…assays of egg-to-adult viability and wing size in non-competitive and competitive situations; w…upscaling of lines and switches to the opposed rearing temperature (L and A switched to C rearing temperature; C to L = A rearing temperature) in addition to keeping the lines at the rearing temperatures corresponding to their regime; *…for evaluating progress in selection response, heat resistance was measured as knock-down temperature under gradual heating, and for safeguarding against unexpected loss of genetic diversity during the selection experiments, three polymorphic microsatellite loci were analysed; sim… simulating technical defect of climate chamber that occurred in previous generation for evaluating validity of data for that generation; horizontal bars denote replicate fly lines of the three regimes, i.e., C…control; L…laboratory natural selection (in Generation 14, one replicate each of L from Kaserstattalm and Pfitscherjoch were lost); A…artificial selection combined with laboratory natural selection; blue…fluctuating ambient temperature mimicking natural daily conditions (control temperature); red…increased ambient temperature (selection temperature). (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 3 in Major range loss predicted from lack of heat adaptability in an alpine Drosophila species
Fig. 3. Egg-to-adult viability and wing size under non-competitive and competitive situations. (a) Egg-to-adult viability of the three regimes (C, L, A) under regular larval density. Significances based on analyses of variance (n = 30). (b) Wing size of the three regimes separately for females and males under regular larval density. Significances based on analyses of variance (n = 374). (c) Inter-regime competition (increased larval density). Output proportion of C relative to L and A at end of experiment (adults) plotted against input proportion of C relative to L and A at beginning of experiment (eggs). Dashed line: theoretical 45̊ equilibrium line on which output proportion equals input proportion. Significance values based on Wilcoxon Signed-rank tests calculated separately for each output proportion by comparison with corresponding value of theoretical equilibrium line (n = 10 for all tests except for C against A at input ratio 0.25, for which n = 9). (d) Wing size at inter-regime competition of different ratios. Females are shown as solid lines, males as dashed lines. Significance values at alpha = 0.05 are indicated by lower-case letters (a, b) and * (c).
Data from: Desiccation resistance and pigmentation variation reflects bioclimatic differences in the Drosophila americana species complex
<p><a name="_Hlk525811957"><b>Background: </b>Disentangling the selective factors shaping adaptive trait variation is an important but challenging task. Many studies—especially in <i>Drosophila</i>—have documented trait variation along latitudinal or altitudinal clines, but frequently lack resolution about specific environmental gradients that could be causal selective agents, and often do not investigate covariation between traits simultaneously. Here we examined variation in multiple macroecological factors across geographic space and their associations with variation in three physiological traits (desiccation resistance, UV resistance, and pigmentation) at both population and species scales, to address the role of abiotic environment in shaping trait variation. </a></p> <p><b>Results:</b> Using environmental data from collection locations of three North American <i>Drosophila </i>species—<i>D. americana americana, D. americana texana </i>and <i>D. novamexicana</i>—we identified two primary axes of macroecological variation; these differentiated species habitats and were strongly loaded for precipitation and moisture variables. In nine focal populations (three per species) assayed for each trait, we detected significant species-level variation for both desiccation resistance and pigmentation, but not for UV resistance. Species-level trait variation was consistent with differential natural selection imposed by variation in habitat water availability, although patterns of variation differed between desiccation resistance and pigmentation, and we found little evidence for pleiotropy between traits.</p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> Our multi-faceted approach enabled us to identify potential agents of natural selection and examine how they might influence the evolution of multiple traits at different evolutionary scales. Our findings highlight that environmental factors influence functional trait variation in ways that can be complex, and point to the importance of studies that examine these relationships at both population- and species-levels. </p>
Data from: Host species and environmental effects on bacterial communities associated with Drosophila in the laboratory and in the natural environment
The fruit fly Drosophila is a classic model organism to study adaptation as well as the relationship between genetic variation and phenotypes. Although associated bacterial communities might be important for many aspects of Drosophila biology, knowledge about their diversity, composition, and factors shaping them is limited. We used 454-based sequencing of a variable region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene to characterize the bacterial communities associated with wild and laboratory Drosophila isolates. In order to specifically investigate effects of food source and host species on bacterial communities, we analyzed samples from wild Drosophila melanogaster and D. simulans collected from a variety of natural substrates, as well as from adults and larvae of nine laboratory-reared Drosophila species. We find no evidence for host species effects in lab-reared flies; instead, lab of origin and stochastic effects, which could influence studies of Drosophila phenotypes, are pronounced. In contrast, the natural Drosophila–associated microbiota appears to be predominantly shaped by food substrate with an additional but smaller effect of host species identity. We identify a core member of this natural microbiota that belongs to the genus Gluconobacter and is common to all wild-caught flies in this study, but absent from the laboratory. This makes it a strong candidate for being part of what could be a natural D. melanogaster and D. simulans core microbiome. Furthermore, we were able to identify candidate pathogens in natural fly isolates.
Data from: Repeated evolution of asymmetric genitalia and right-sided mating behavior in the Drosophila nannoptera species group
Background: Male genitals have repeatedly evolved left-right asymmetries, and the causes of such evolution remain unclear. The Drosophila nannoptera group contains four species, among which three exhibit left-right asymmetries of distinct genital organs. In the most studied species, Drosophila pachea, males display asymmetric genital lobes and they mate right-sided on top of the female. Copulation position of the other species is unknown. Results: To assess whether the evolution of genital asymmetry could be linked to the evolution of one-sided mating, we examined phallus morphology and copulation position in D. pachea and closely related species. The phallus was found to be symmetric in all investigated species except D. pachea, which display an asymmetric phallus with a right-sided gonopore, and D. acanthoptera, which harbor an asymmetrically bent phallus. In all examined species, males were found to position themselves symmetrically on top of the female, except in D. pachea and D. nannoptera, where males mated right-sided, in distinctive, species-specific positions. In addition, the copulation duration was found to be increased in nannoptera group species compared to closely related outgroup species. Conclusion: Our study shows that gains, and possibly losses, of asymmetry in genital morphology and mating position have evolved repeatedly in the nannoptera group. Current data does not allow us to conclude whether genital asymmetry has evolved in response to changes in mating position, or vice versa.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.