Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Fig. 5 in A new gigantic titanosaurian sauropod from the early Late Cretaceous of Patagonia (Neuquén Province, Argentina)

Fig. 5. Forelimb bones of the titanosaurian sauropod Bustingorrytitan shiva gen. et sp. nov. from "Bustingorry II" site, Neuquén Province, Argentina, upper Cenomanian. A. Left coracoid (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/13) in lateral view. B. Left scapula (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/11) in lateral view. C. Left humerus (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/21) in proximal (C1), anterior (C2), and distal (C3) views. D. Right radius (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/22) in posterior view. E. Left sternal plate (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/15) in dorsal view. F. Articulated metacarpals I–V (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/25–29) in proximal F1), anterior (F2) and distal (F3) views. G. Right ulna (holotype, MMCH-Pv 59/23) in medial (G1) and proximal (G2) views. Abbreviations: cf, coracoid foramen; gas, glenoid articular surface; igl, infraglenoid lip; I–V, metacarpals. Scale bars 200 mm.

Fig. 4 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 4. Upper molars of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016, from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Holotype (HG-M016) from Shangheshou area; right ultimate premolar and M1–M6 in buccal (A1) and occlusal (A2) views, showing the corresponding cusps on different teeth. B. ZGY0053 from Dapingfang; left upper molars (M1–M6) in occlusal (B1), buccal (B2), and lingual (B3) views. Image in B3 is horizontally flipped for convenience of comparison.

Fig. 5 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 5. Lower teeth of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China), right c–m6 in lingual (A1) and occlusal (A2) views (with the dentary bone segmented away) and in posterobuccal view (A5), left p5–m6 in buccal (A3) and occlusal (A4) views. See also Figs. 3 and 7.

Fig. 3 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 3. CT-rendered lower jaws and dentitions of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053), from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A1–A3, left upper and lower dentition and dentary in medial (only teeth), lateral, and occlusal views, respectively. A4–A6, right upper and lower dentition and dentary in lateral, medial, and occlusal views, respectively. Note: angular end is not the mandibular condyle (see Fig. 6); coronoid tubercle, mis-labelled as "cp" in Han and Meng (2016: fig. 10). Upper and lower teeth in A1, A2, A4, A5 are in the original position that were preserved. Arrows in A2, A4 point to mental foramina (note the difference between the two mandibles). Question mark in A5 points to a faint groove that is not the Meckelian groove (compared to that of Origolestes lii in Fig. 6B).

Fig. 1 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 1. New specimen of Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Partial skeleton in dorsal view that is preserved in the main slab. B. CT rendered partial skull; mostly ventral portion with teeth in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views and mainly the skull roof in dorsal (B3) and ventral (B4) views.

Fig. 7 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 7. Comparison of molars between of Origolestes and Lactodens. A. Origolestes lii Mao, Hu, Li, Wang, Chase, Smith, and Meng, 2020 (IVPP V13604) from Lower Cretaceous Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation of the Lujiatun locality, Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, China; upper molars (M1–M2) in buccal (A1) and occlusal (A2) views; lower molars (m1–m3) in occlusal (A3) and lingual (A4) views (modified from Mao et al. 2020). B. Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (ZGY0053) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Dapingfang, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China; upper molars (M1–M4) in buccal (B1) and occlusal (B2) views; lower molars (m1–m4) in occlusal (B3) and lingual (B4) views. Image in B1 has been vertically reversed for convenience of comparison. The lower teeth (m1–m4) in B3 and B4 were composite from better preserved left m2–m3 (reversed) and right dentitions (m1, m4). The angular lines indicate the symmetrical (O. lii) and asymmetrical (L. sheni) crown outline and the embrasure.

Fig 6 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig 6. Comparison of the mandibular morphologies of Origolestes and Lactodens. A. Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016 (holotype, HG-M016) from Aptian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of Shangheshou area, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China; posterior portion of the right mandible in buccal (A1) and lingual (A2) views. B. Origolestes lii Mao, Hu, Li, Wang, Chase, Smith, and Meng, 2020 (IVPP V13604) from Lower Cretaceous Lujiatun beds of the Yixian Formation of the Lujiatun locality, Beipiao County, Liaoning Province, China; right mandible in buccal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. The mandible in B was slightly displaced at the crack (marked with the arrow) and has been digitally restored (see Mao et al. 2020).

Fig. 2 in New material of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota: Comparison with Origolestes and implications for mammal evolution

Fig. 2. CT-images of the trechnotherian mammal Lactodens sheni Han and Meng, 2016, from Aprian, Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, Caoyang City, Liaoning Province, China. A. Holotype (HG-M016) from Shangheshou area; A1, virtual skull remains with the lingual side of the right mandible exposed (see Han and Meng 2016: fig. 1); A2, virtual skull remains with the lateral side of the right mandible exposed (this side of the skull is embeded in the matrix and not visible except for the part of cheek teeth that were needle-prepared from the back side of the slab (Han and Meng 2016: figs. 1, 5); A3, a CT-slice showing the contrast of bone and matrix and revealing the roots of some teeth. B. ZGY0053 from Dapingfang, a CT-section through the skull (showing the root conditions). Note there is no tooth germ under any cheek teeth in both specimens in A3 and B.

Fig. 3 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography

Fig. 3. Distribution of the ratio between the maximum width of the dorsal region of the coronoid process (C) and the length of the dental battery D) in a sample of hadrosauroid dinosaurs. Taxon abbreviations: Ac, Acristavus gagslarsoni; Am, Amurosaurus riabinini; Ar, Aralosaurus tuberiferus; Ay, Arenysaurus ardevoli; Ba, Bactrosaurus johnsoni; Bl, Blasisaurus canudoi; Br, Brachylophosaurus canadensis; cfCo, cf. Corythosaurus sp.; Ch, Charonosaurus jiayinensis; Co, Corythosaurus sp.; Eda, Edmontosaurus annectens; Edr, Edmontosaurus regalis; Eot, Eotrachodon orientalis; Ft, Fylax thyrakolasus; Gra,?Gryposaurus alsatei; Grl, Gryposaurus latidens; Hya, Hypacrosaurus altispinus; Hys, H. stebingeri; Krn, Kritosaurus navajovius; Lml, Lambeosaurus lambei; Ma, Maiasaura peeblesorum; Pat, Parasaurolophus tubicen; Pbr, Probrachylophosaurus bergei; Pl, Plesiohadros djadokhtaensis; Pn, Penelopognathus weishampeli; Pr, Prosaurolophus maximus; Pt, Protohadros byrdi; Saa, Saurolophus angustirostris; Sao, Saurolophus osborni; Te, Telmatosaurus transsylvanicus; Ts, Tsintaosaurus spinorhinus; Vel, Velafrons coahuilensis. Silhouettes were downloaded from http:// phylopic.org and drawn by Pete Buchholz (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/), Scott Hartman (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-sa/3.0/) and Craig Dylke (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).

Fig. 4 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography

Fig. 4. Time calibrated cladogram based on the strict consensus tree (unresolved branches in the consensus are within saurolophine and lambeosaurine hadrosaurids, only shown in the SOM 5) resulting from the parsimony analysis of 67 hadrosauroid taxa, showing the position of IPS-36338. Ancestral areas are reconstructed for each clade of the phylogram, with maximum likelihood proportions indicated by the pie charts. Colors represent the various areas considered in the maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstruction analysis. The global paleogeographic map corresponds to the late Campanian (75–73.8 Ma) and is based on Scotese (2014), except the paleogeographic configuration of the European Archipelago, which is based on the greater detailed offered by Csiki et al. (2015: fig. 3). Geochronological ages are from Walker et al. (2018). The Pyrenean-Provençal Landmass presented in the figure will become part of the Ibero-Armorican Island in the Maastrichtian. Abbreviations: Con, Coniacian; Maast, Maastrichtian; San, Santonian; Tur, Turonian.

Fig. 2 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography

Fig. 2. Dentary of the hadrosauroid dinosaur Fylax thyrakolasus gen. et sp. nov. (IPS-36338, holotype) from the uppermost Maastrichtian Fontllonga-R locality; in posterior (A1), medial (A2), dorsal (A4), anterior (A5), lateral (A6), and ventral (A7) views. A detailed lingual view of the tooth crowns appears in A3.

Fig. 1 in A new late-surviving early diverging Ibero-Armorican duck-billed dinosaur and the role of the Late Cretaceous European Archipelago in hadrosauroid biogeography

Fig. 1. Geographic location and stratigraphic position of Fontllonga-R, the type locality of Fylax thyrakolasus gen. et sp. nov. A. Simplified map showing the location of the Àger syncline in northeastern Spain. B. Geological map of the Àger syncline and adjacent areas displaying the location of the Fontllonga-R locality (asterisk), near the eponymous town. C. Stratigraphic section of the Fontllonga Formation cropping out at the Fontllonga-R locality, showing the position of the holotype dentary IPS-36338 (modified from Fondevilla et al. 2019).

Fig. 8 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 8. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/13 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 100% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Note moderately vascularized cortex that is predominantly composed of parallel-fibred bone and the predominantly longitudinal orientation of vascular canals. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae.

Fig. 7 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 7. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/9-10 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; adult stage, about 90% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, A2) and close-ups of the cortex (A3, A4) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the parallelfibred bone in the outermost part of the cortex. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; pfb, parallel-fibred bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon; tb, trabeculae.

Fig. 6 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 6. Histological sections of femora KOKM 4652/1 (A) and KOKM 4652/11 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; subadult stage; about 63–70% of maximal femoral size. Histological overview of the cortex (A1, B1) under polarized light with lambda waveplate and without lambda waveplate (A3) and close-ups of the cortex (A2, A4, B2) under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Note the presence of the fibrolamellar complex and four LAGs (white arrows). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; tb, trabeculae. subadults indicate a continuing period of fast growth with a The femur KOKM 4652/11 (about 63% of maximal femocyclical temporary and local decrease in growth rate. ral size; Fig. 6B) is poorly preserved, but reticular canals and

Fig. 3 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 3. Histological sections of femora PM TSU 16/0-55 (A) and PM TSU 16/0-56 (B) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage; about 30% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1), close-up of the cortex (A2), and histological overview of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A3) and without lambda waveplate (A4). Note the presence of erosion bays, secondary bone, and LAGs (white arrows). Microanatomical overview (B1) and close-up of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (B2). Note the presence of erosion bays. Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; LAGs, lines of arrested growth; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 5 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 5. Histological sections of femur KOKM 4652/16 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 40–45% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2, A3). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone.

Fig. 4 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 4. Histological sections of femur PM TSU 16/0-54 of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; juvenile stage, about 30–35% of maximal femoral size. Microanatomical overview (A1) and close-ups of the cortex under polarized light with lambda waveplate (A2–A4). Abbreviations: eb, erosion bays; lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pb, primary bone; retvc, reticular vascular canals; sb, secondary bone; so, secondary osteon.

Fig. 2 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 2. Histological sections of the smallest femur PM TSU 120-Sh3-125 (<20% of maximal femoral size) of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia; hatchling stage, under polarized light with lambda waveplate. Microanatomical (A1) and histological (A2) overview of the cortex showing primary highly vascularized bone. Note the presence of radial primary osteons and primary vascular canals. Close-up of the cortex, showing predominantly reticular orientation of the primary osteons and primary vascular canals (A3). Details of the composition of the primary bone tissues of the cortex (A4). Note the presence of the incipient fibrolamellar complex. Abbreviations: lvc, longitudinal vascular canals; mc, medullary cavity; pfb, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteon; radvc, radial vascular canals; retvc, reticular vascular canals; wb, woven bone.

Fig. 1 in Femoral histology and growth patterns of the ceratopsian dinosaur Psittacosaurus sibiricus from the Early Cretaceous of Western Siberia

Fig. 1. Diagrammatic outline of the femur of Psittacosaurus sibiricus Voronkevich and Averianov in Leshchinskiy et al., 2000, from the Lower Cretaceous Ilek Formation (Shestakovo 3 locality) of Western Siberia, Russia, indicating the relative positions of sections taken for histological examination. A. Sections taken from specimens from Paleontological Museum of Tomsk State University (PM TSU). B. Sections taken from specimens from Kuzbass State Museum of Local Lore (KOKM).