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FIG. 4. — A-D in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 4. — A-D, Blanus cinereus (Vandelli, 1797); A, right dentary, medial view; B-D, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and right-lateral views; E-I, Chalcides cf. Ch. bedriagai (Boscá, 1880); E, F, right dentary, medial and lateral views; G-I, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral and anterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 3. — A in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 3. — A, Bufo sp., left ilium, lateral view; B, C, Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758); B, left scapula, dorso-lateral view; C, right humerus of a male, ventral view; D-G, Pelophylax cf. P. perezi Seoane, 1885; D, E, right frontoparietal, ventral and dorsal views; F, G, left ilium, lateral and distal views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 9 in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 9. — Measurements of "colubrine" trunk vertebrae (from Szyndlar 1984; modified), and comparison of biometrical ratios between the Almenara-Casablanca-3 material (in black) and modern specimens (in grey) for Coronella girondica (Cg), Hemorrhois hippocrepis (Hh), Rhinechis scalaris (Rs) and Malpolon monspessulanus (Mm). Abbreviations: CL, centrum length; CNW, condyle neck width; NAW, centrum width; PO-PO, width between the outer edges of postzygapophyseal articular surfaces; PR-PO, length from the anterior edge of prezygapophyseal articular surface to the posterior edge of postzygapophyseal articular surface; PR-PR, width between the outer edges of prezygapophyseal articular surfaces. Data on recent specimens from Blain (2005).

FIG. 6. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 6. — A-E, Natrix natrix (Linnaeus, 1758), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views; F, G, Coronella girondica (Daudin, 1803); F, supraoccipital, dorsal view; G, left exoccipital, lateral view; H, I, Rhinechis cf. Rh. scalaris (Schinz, 1822), right articular, lateral and medial views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 5. — A-L in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 5. — A-L, small lacertids; A-F, frontals, ventral and dorsal views; G, H, parietal, ventral and dorsal views; I, premaxilla, posterior view; J, K, jugal, dorsal and lateral views; L, "Psammodromus-Acanthodactylus" type, right dentary, medial view; M, "Podarcis" type, left dentary, medial view. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 2. — A in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 2. — A, cf. Discoglossus, left ilium, lateral view; B-E, Pelobates cultripes (Cuvier, 1829); B, left squamosal, lateral view; C, right part of frontoparietal, dorsal view; D, E, left ilium, lateral and medial views; F-J, Pelodytes cf. P. punctatus (Daudin, 1802); F, G, left ilium, lateral and medial views; H, left humerus of a female, ventral view; I, J, trunk vertebra, dorsal and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

FIG. 8. — A-E in Anurans and squamate reptiles from the latest early Pleistocene of Almenara-Casablanca-3 (Castellón, East of Spain). Systematic, climatic and environmental considerations

FIG. 8. — A-E, Malpolon monspessulanus (Hermann, 1804), trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views; F-J, Vipera latasti Boscá, 1878, trunk vertebra, dorsal, ventral, anterior, left-lateral and posterior views. Scale bars: 2 mm.

Figure 28 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 28. Fore and hind limb proportions in Megantereon cultridens SE311 and extant large felids, along with 95% confidence limits. A, scapula length to forelimb length; B, radius length to humerus length; C, ulna length to humerus length; D, metacarpal III length to humerus length; E, tibia length to femur length; F, metatarsal III length to femur length. Forelimb length was computed as the length of humerus + radius + metacarpal III. Specimen numbers are: Panthera leo (N = 16), Panthera onca (N = 8), Panthera pardus (N = 16), Panthera tigris (N = 19), Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5) and Puma concolor (N = 6).

Figure 24 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 24. Articular length of tibia to tibial diaphysial circumference at midshaft, both in mm. Symbols and abbreviation: M, Megantereon cultridens SE311; Z, Panthera leo (N = 17); O, Panthera onca (N = 8); Δ, Panthera pardus (N = 16); °, Panthera tigris (N = 19); ¥, Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5); –, Puma concolor (N = 6); •, Machairodus giganteus (N = 3); ^, Smilodon fatalis (N = 7); Ɨ, Smilodon gracilis (N = 2);, Smilodon populator (N = 1).

Figure 27 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 27. The skeleton of Megantereon cultridens SE311 as it stood when still mounted in the exhibitions at the Natural History Museum in Basel. As reconstructed, the skeleton has seven cervical, 12 thoracal and seven lumbar vertebrae, and is thus missing a posterior thoracal vertebra. The vertebra here placed as lumbar 3 is, however, the rather poorly preserved thoracic 11, and the actual missing vertebra is lumbar 1. Photo courtesy of Arne Ziems, curator, Natural History Museum, Basel.

Figure 18 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 18. Comparative morphology of the ulna, lateral view. A, Megantereon cultridens SE311 [left]; B, Smilodon fatalis LACM-HC1505 [left]; C, Smilodon gracilis UF87279 [right]; D, Panthera onca CN5659 [right]; E, Panthera tigris CN5669 [right]. Angle (a) is between long axis of diaphysis and olecranon process (olecranon angle) and (b) is between long axis of diaphysis and insertion of m. triceps brachii caput longum (triceps angle).

Figure 17 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 17. Total length of ulna to anteroposterior diameter of ulnar diaphysis at midshaft (A) and total length of ulna to olecranon process length from the centre of rotation in the articular cotyle to distal end (B), all in mm. Symbols and abbreviation: M, Megantereon cultridens SE311; Z, Panthera leo (N = 17); O, Panthera onca (N = 8); Δ, Panthera pardus (N = 16); °, Panthera tigris (N = 19); ¥, Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5); –, Puma concolor (N = 6); •, Machairodus giganteus (N = 1); ^, Smilodon fatalis (N = 7); Ɨ, Smilodon gracilis (N = 2);, Smilodon populator (N = 2).

Figure 15 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 15. Articular length of the humerus to least circumference of the humeral diaphysis (A) and articular length of the humerus to the distal width of the humerus (B), all in mm. Symbols and abbreviation: M, Megantereon cultridens SE311; Z, Panthera leo (N = 17); O, Panthera onca (N = 8); Δ, Panthera pardus (N = 16); °, Panthera tigris (N = 19); ¥, Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5); –, Puma concolor (N = 6); ^, Smilodon fatalis (N = 7); Ɨ, Smilodon gracilis (N = 4);, Smilodon populator (N = 4).

Figure 13 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 13. Scapula proportions (mm) in Megantereon cultridens SE311 and extant large felids. A, scapula length to maximum height of the spina scapula; B, scapula length to maximum height of the infraspinous fossa; C, scapula length to maximum height of the supraspinous fossa. Symbols:, Megantereon cultridens SE311; Z, Panthera leo (N = 17); O, Panthera onca (N = 8); Δ, Panthera pardus (N = 16); °, Panthera tigris (N = 19); ¥, Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5); –, Puma concolor (N = 6).

Figure 20 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 20. Manual phalanges of digits I–IV from the right manus of Megantereon cultridens SE311, viewed dorsally, except terminal phalanges, which are viewed laterally (I and III) and medially (II).

Figure 16 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 16. Deltoid length of humerus (length of deltoid crest from the proximal point of the humeral head/ humerus articular length) in Megantereon cultridens SE311 and large felids. Specimen numbers are: Panthera leo (N = 13), P. onca (N = 7), P. pardus (N = 11), P. tigris (N = 12), Neofelis nebulosa (N = 5), Puma concolor (N = 5), Smilodon fatalis (N = 7), S. gracilis (N = 3) and S. populator (N = 3).

Figure 12 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 12. Scapulae and sternal elements of Megantereon cultridens SE311. Right scapula (A) and left scapula (B), both in lateral view; mesosternal elements (C); manubrium in ventral (D) and dorsal (E) view.

Figure 10 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 10. Pelvis of Megantereon cultridens SE311 in left lateral (A), dorsal (B) and ventral (C) view.

Figure 9 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 9. Comparative morphology of dorsal vertebrae, all in right lateral view. First row, T1; second row, T2; third row, T8; fourth row, T12; fifth row, L2; sixth row, L6. A–F, Megantereon cultridens SE311; G–L, Smilodon fatalis (after Merriam & Stock, 1932); M–R, Panthera leo CN1440; S–X, Panthera pardus CN5662.

Figure 6 in Osteology and ecology of Megantereon cultridens SE311 (Mammalia; Felidae; Machairodontinae), a sabrecat from the Late Pliocene - Early Pleistocene of Senéze, France

Figure 6. The presacral vertebral column of Megantereon cultridens SE311 in right lateral and dorsal view. Abbreviations: C, cervical vertebra; T, thoracal dorsal vertebra; L, lumbar dorsal vertebra.