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196 results for “Echinoderms”
Figure 3 from: Vanegas González MJ, Borrero-Pérez GH (2020) First records and new information on the associations of echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. ZooKeys 921: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.921.32802
Figure 3 Ophiothela mirabilis on different cnidarians ALeptogorgia albaBPacifigorgia rubicundaCP. eximiaDOphiothela mirabilis collected on L. albaEO. mirabilis collected on Pacifigorgia ireneFP. stenobrochisGP. sculptaHP. bayeriI Cnidarian. Scale bars: 2 mm (D, E).
Figure 1 from: Vanegas González MJ, Borrero-Pérez GH (2020) First records and new information on the associations of echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. ZooKeys 921: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.921.32802
Figure 1 A Locations along northern Colombian Pacific (Chocó) where associations of echinoderms with other phyla were collected. Locations names from north to south P.ERO: Piedra de Eroito, FOCA: la foca, P.ROD: Piedra de Rodrigo, MINA: La mina, PARN: Parguera norte, VIUD: la Viuda, CHIC: Chicocora, P.ZAP: Piedra Zapata, P.NOR: Punta norte, MORN: Morromico norte, JURU: Jurubidá, P.ORI: Punta Orión, P.BON: Piedra bonita, PARS: Parguera sur, P.ARU: Punta Arusí, P.JAI: Piedra de Jairo, ROÑO: Roñosa, AMGR: Amargal, COLO: Coló. The line between FOCA and FARO represents the proximity between both stations. B Locations were associations between O. mirabilis and octocorals were registered. Locations names from north to south P.ERO: Piedra de Eroito, FOCA: la foca, P.ROD: Piedra de Rodrigo, MINA: La mina, PARN: Parguera norte, VIUD: la Viuda, CHIC: Chicocora, P.ZAP: Piedra Zapata, P.NOR: Punta norte, MORN: Morromico norte, JURU: Jurubidá, P.ORI: Punta Orión, P.BON: Piedra bonita, PARS: Parguera sur, P.ARU: Punta Arusí, P.JAI: Piedra de Jairo, ROÑO: Roñosa, AMGR: Amargal, COLO: Coló. The lines among several locations represent the proximity between them.
Figure 2 from: Vanegas González MJ, Borrero-Pérez GH (2020) First records and new information on the associations of echinoderms with other phyla in the rocky reefs of northern Chocó, Colombian Pacific. ZooKeys 921: 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.921.32802
Figure 2 APentaceraster cumingi aboral view BP. cumingi oral view CZenopontonia soror. The shrimp lost the color after fixing in 96% ethanol. Scale bars: 100 mm (A, B), 2 mm (C).
Genomic tests of body plan transitions from bilateral to pentameric symmetry in Echinoderms
Echinoderms are an exceptional group in bilaterians in that they develop pentameral adult symmetry from a bilaterally symmetric larva. However, the genetic basis in evolution and development of this unique transformation remains to be clarified. Here we report newly sequenced genomes, developmental transcriptomes, and proteomes of diverse echinoderms including the green sea urchin (L. variegatus), a sea cucumber (A. japonicus), and with particular emphasis on progeny of the earliest-diverged deuterostome, the feather star (A. japonica). We learned that the last common ancestor of echinoderms retained a well-organized Hox cluster genes reminiscent of the hemichordate, and had gene sets involved in endoskeleton development. Further, unlike in other animal groups, the most conserved developmental stages was not at the body plan establishing phase, and genes normally involved in bilaterality appear to function in pentameral axes development. These results enhance our understanding of the divergence of protostomes and deuterostomes almost 500 mya.
Data from: Early post-metamorphic, Carboniferous blastoid reveals the evolution and development of the digestive system in early echinoderms
Inferring the development of the earliest echinoderms is critical to uncovering the evolutionary assembly of the phylum-level body plan but has long proven problematic because early ontogenetic stages are rarely preserved as fossils. Here, we use synchrotron tomography to describe a new early post-metamorphic blastoid echinoderm from the Carboniferous (approx. 323 Ma) of China. The resulting three-dimensional reconstruction reveals a U-shaped tubular structure in the fossil interior, which is interpreted as the digestive tract. Comparisons with the developing gut of modern crinoids demonstrate that crinoids are an imperfect analogue for many extinct groups. Furthermore, consideration of our findings in a phylogenetic context allows us to reconstruct the evolution and development of the digestive system in echinoderms more broadly; there was a transition from a straight to a simple curved gut early in the phylum's evolution, but additional loops and coils of the digestive tract (as seen in crinoids) were not acquired until much later.
Data from: Phylogenomic resolution of the Hemichordate and Echinoderm clade
Ambulacraria, comprising Hemichordata and Echinodermata, is closely related to Chordata, making it integral to understanding chordate origins and polarizing chordate molecular and morphological characters. Unfortunately, relationships within Hemichordata and Echinodermata have remained unresolved, compromising our ability to extrapolate findings from the most closely related molecular and developmental models outside of Chordata (e.g., the acorn worms Saccoglossus kowalevskii and Ptychodera flava and the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus). To resolve long-standing phylogenetic issues within Ambulacraria, we sequenced transcriptomes for 14 hemichordates as well as 8 echinoderms and complemented these with existing data for a total of 33 ambulacrarian operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Examination of leaf stability values revealed rhabdopleurid pterobranchs and the enteropneust Stereobalanus canadensis were unstable in placement; therefore, analyses were also run without these taxa. Analyses of 185 genes resulted in reciprocal monophyly of Enteropneusta and Pterobranchia, placed the deep-sea family Torquaratoridae within Ptychoderidae, and confirmed the position of ophiuroid brittle stars as sister to asteroid sea stars (the Asterozoa hypothesis). These results are consistent with earlier perspectives concerning plesiomorphies of Ambulacraria, including pharyngeal gill slits, a single axocoel, and paired hydrocoels and somatocoels. The resolved ambulacrarian phylogeny will help clarify the early evolution of chordate characteristics and has implications for our understanding of major fossil groups, including graptolites and somasteroideans.
Data from: Testing for homologies in the axial skeleton of primitive echinoderms
The extraxial axial theory is used to investigate homology of ambulacral and oral plating because it predicts terminal branching and terminal addition of plates in the axial skeleton, although exceptions to the former may occur in some Paleozoic echinoderms. The variety of morphological designs and anomalous individuals also provide tests of plate homology. Homology of ambulacra is generally accepted, with the hydropore and/or single gonopore in Carpenter's CD interray. In the 2-1-2 ambulacral pattern the unbranched ambulacrum is always in Carpenter's A ray. All ambulacral morphology requires just three instructions: 'grow,' 'branch,' and 'stop.' The range of variation in echinoderms with fewer than five ambulacra implies that both the 'branch' and 'stop' instructions acted independently in all five rays. Numbers of ambulacra may or may not correlate with numbers of orals. Two basic patterns of 'cystoid' oral plating occur; with a single radial (circum-oral, CO) plate from each ambulacrum plus a sixth in the CD interray, and with all six interradial peri-oral (PO) plates, with two in the CD interambulacrum. Five 'orals' may involve loss of PO3 or PO6. Erect ambulacral structures are lost first in taphonomy and so poorly known. All ambulacral skeletal elements bear the same topological relationship to ambulacral soft tissues. Where branched ambulacra occur, the trunk or flooring plates are often modified first brachiolars or pinnulars. Both brachioles and pinnules may arise from facets developed on one or two flooring plates. Terminal addition of plates, spacing of brachioles/pinnules, and lack of musculature to open cover plates all suggest that 'cystoids' had extensions of the water vascular system in their ambulacra.
Fig. 1 in Filling the Silurian gap of solutan echinoderms with the description of new species of Dehmicystis from Spain
Fig. 1. Localization of the study area in the northern part of the Central Iberian Zone, Spain. A. Sketch of the Iberian Massif showing the different structural and palaeogeographic zones with Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic rocks. B. Schematic geological map, showing the position of the fossil locality star) yielding the studied specimen. Base map modified from Villar Alonso et al. (2008) and González Menéndez et al. (2008), with Silurian subdivision adapted from Apalategui Isasa et al. (1981) and Abril Hurtado et al. (1982).
Fig. 19 in New insights into the origin and relationships of blastoid echinoderms
Fig. 19. Oral area of the rhombiferid Rhombifera bohemica Barrande, 1867, repository unknown, Late Ordovician, Czech Republic, showing interpretation of oral plating. A1, latex cast of oral area; A2, the same with interpretation of oral plating superimposed; A3, interpretation of oral plating. An, position of anus; H, position of supposed hydropore; M, mouth; O1–O6, first oral plates; R1–R5, radial plates, which bear the ambulacral facets. R3 supports facet for ambulacrum A, R4 ambulacrum B, etc. clockwise around the mouth. Early glyptocystitoids had six radials. In the Rhombiferidae Kesling, 1962, there are only five; R6 is missing. Photograph from Kesling 1962: pl. 2, fig. 1, right.
FIGURE 15. Astropecten hermatophilus Sladen, 1883 in The Echinoderm Fauna of the Azores (NE Atlantic Ocean)
FIGURE 15. Astropecten hermatophilus Sladen, 1883 (DBUA-ECH 059). Dorsal view (A); ventral view (B); detail of the arm dorsal view (C); detail of the oral area and arm (D).
Data from: Age determination in echinoderms: first evidence of annual growth rings in holothuroids
While age is fundamental in animal biology, forming the basis of critical concepts such as life-history strategies, longevity and population structures, measuring this variable in some taxa remains problematic. Such is the case of holothuroid echinoderms, which play key roles in marine benthic communities from the shore to the abyss, and are extensively fished in many regions across the globe. Here we present and validate a promising aging technique using the cold-water species Psolus fabricii. The method involves the extraction of the oldest dermal plates (largest dorsal ossicles) to preserve their original pigments and structure. While plates initially appear to have a uniform texture, polishing and dying them reveals layered ring patterns. A study of laboratory-reared juveniles, from settlement to 40 months of age, confirmed that one layer is added annually, making plates both larger and thicker, and generating successive light and dark rings, the latter representing the transition (overlap) between two layers. Therefore, each pair of rings represents an annual growth band. Size-at-age data obtained using this method revealed that growth of P. fabricii is slow and that wild individuals collected at diving depths had reached an age of several decades.
FIG. 1 in A preliminary account of the shallow-water echinoderms of Rodrigues, Mauritius, western Indian Ocean
FIG. 1. Sampling locations around Rodrigues.
Figure 5 from: Ziegler A, Mirantsev G, Jangoux M, Kroh A (2014) Historical aspects of meetings, publication series, and digital resources dedicated to echinoderms. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7201
Figure 5 - Conference logos from selected national, regional, and international echinoderm meetings held from 1978 to 2013. (A) 3rd International Echinoderm Conference, Sydney, Australia, 1978. (B) 5th Florida Echinoderm Festival, Tampa, Florida, USA, 1999. (C) 1. Arbeitstreffen deutschsprachiger Echinodermenforscher, Greifswald, Germany, 2001. (D) International Conference on Sea-Urchin Fisheries and Aquaculture, Puerto Varas, Chile, 2003. (E) 3. Arbeitstreffen deutschsprachiger Echinodermenforscher, Ingelfingen, Germany, 2004. (F) ACIAR-SPC Asia-Pacific Tropical Sea Cucumber Aquaculture Symposium, Nouméa, New Caledonia, 2011. (G) 2° Congreso Latinoamericano de Equinodermos, São Sebastião, Brazil, 2013. (H) 5. Arbeitstreffen deutschsprachiger Echinodermenforscher, Stuttgart, Germany, 2013.
Figure 6 from: Ziegler A, Mirantsev G, Jangoux M, Kroh A (2014) Historical aspects of meetings, publication series, and digital resources dedicated to echinoderms. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7201
Figure 6 - Flyer announcing an informal gathering of the Friends of the Echinoderms during the 2010 Meeting of the Geological Society of America in Denver, Colorado, USA. Image courtesy Ronald L. Parsley.
Figure 3 from: Ziegler A, Mirantsev G, Jangoux M, Kroh A (2014) Historical aspects of meetings, publication series, and digital resources dedicated to echinoderms. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7201
Figure 3 - Group photo of the participants of the 1st European Conference on Echinoderms, held 1979 in Brussels. 1 Chantal De Ridder, 2 Michel Jangoux, 3 Claude Massin, 4 Anneliese Strenger, 5 Charles W. Walker, 6 Mrs. Hulbert, 7 Alan W. Hulbert, 8 David Nichols, 9 Mrs. Vasserot, 10 Robert F. O'Brien, 11 Anke Burkhardt, 12 Helge Hilgers, 13 Alfred Goldschmid, 14 Mrs. Goldschmid, 15 Richard M. Pagett, 16 Alan M. Raymond, 17 Raimundo Pidal, 18 Jean Le Menn, 19 Michel Huet, 20 Jean-Michel Vasserot, 21 Maria de Natividade Albuquerque, 22 Konrad Märkel, 23 Sebastian Bachmann, 24 Heinz Splechtna, 25 F. Jensenius Madsen, 26 Mrs. Guille, 27 Alain Guille, 28 Hubert Caspers, 29 Henri Termier, 30 Genevieve Termier, 31 Mrs. Roman, 32 Jean Roman, 33 Edwin Van Impe, 34 Jean-Guy Ferrand, 35 Robert Delavault, 36 Mrs. Huet, 37 Yulin Liao, 38 Jovanka Mitrović, 39 Norman Millott, 40 Mrs. Millott, 41 Ricard Martínez, 42 John E. Binyon, 43 Edward P. F. Rose, 44 Duncan Heddle, 45 Michel Philippe, 46 Jean-Pierre Féral, 47 Daniel Fournier, 48 Solveig Sjögren, 49 Monique Guillou, 50 Ms. Bacallado-Aranega, 51 Jacques Guillou, 52 Mrs. David, 53 Juan Jose Bacallado-Aranega, 54 Bruno David, 55 Celso Rodriguez Babio, 56 Mrs. Monteiro Marques, 57 Myriam Sibuet, 58 Enrico Tortonese, 59 Michel Roux, 60 Peter A. Voogt, 61 Gustave Cherbonnier, 62 Reimund Haude, 63 Mrs. Paterson, 64 Mrs. Durkin, 65 Ailsa M. Clark, 66 Radu Sukarno, 67 Michael K. Durkin, 68 Richard P. S. Jefferies, 69 Lesley I. Messer, 70 Ester Ryberg, 71 David G. Stephenson, 72 Edith Bricourt, 73 Guy Coppois, 74 Michel Demargne, 75 Christopher R. C. Paul, 76 Erhard Höbaus, 77 Pierre Magniez, 78 Alain Bidar, 79 Geoffrey Q. Case, 80 Lydie Dupont, 81 M. De Waal, 82 Wolfram P. Tertschnig, 83 Unidentified person, 84 Gerardo Gustato, 85 Aagje J. Van der Plas, 86 Anna Villari, 87 Derek E. G. Briggs, 88 Vasco M. A. Monteiro Marques, 89 Megumi F. Strathmann, 90 Rob C. H. M. Oudejans, 91 Peter M. Jost, 92 Unidentified person, 93 Gordon L. J. Paterson, 94 Paula F. Dehn, 95 Hussein Kamel Badawi, 96 Roland H. Emson, 97 Paul A. Tyler, 98 Grace S. Y. Lim, 99 John M. Lawrence, 100 Andrew B. Smith, 101 Ilana Ferber, 102 Haruo Kanatani, 103 Desmond B. Johnson, 104 Iain C. Wilkie, 105 Jaume Gallemi Paulet, 106 Kurt Traer, 107 Bent Hansen, 108 Jan J. S. Broertjes, 109 Richard R. Strathmann, 110 Tine Valentinčič.
Figure 4 from: Ziegler A, Mirantsev G, Jangoux M, Kroh A (2014) Historical aspects of meetings, publication series, and digital resources dedicated to echinoderms. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7201
Figure 4 - Impressions from a poster session organized during the 1st European Conference on Echinoderms, held 1979 in Brussels. (A) Jan J. S. Broertjes, Haruo Kanatani, Peter A. Voogt. (B) Guy Coppois, Chantal De Ridder, Edith Bricourt, Lucie Jangoux, Robert Fenaux, Lucienne Fenaux. (C) Mrs. Monteiro Marques, Vasco M. A. Monteiro Marques, Gustave Cherbonnier, Lucie Jangoux, Solveig Sjögren. (D) Alfred Goldschmid (background), Tim Bowmer, Claude Massin, Jean-Pierre Féral, John Costelloe, Brendan O'Connor. (E) Richard M. Pagett, Iain C. Wilkie, Alan M. Raymond, Roland H. Emson. (F) Raimundo Pidal, Ricard Martínez, Enrico Tortonese, F. Jensenius Madsen, Bent Hansen.
Figure 2 from: Ziegler A, Mirantsev G, Jangoux M, Kroh A (2014) Historical aspects of meetings, publication series, and digital resources dedicated to echinoderms. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7201
Figure 2 - Group photo of the participants of the 1st International Echinoderm Conference, held 1972 in Washington, DC. 1 Lucienne Fenaux, 2 Harrell L. Strimple, 3 Thomas A. Ebert, 4 Jacqueline E. Moss, 5 Fu-Shiang Chia, 6 Alfred B. Chaet, 7 Sylvia Broderick, 8 Allahverdi A.-H. Farmanfarmaian, 9 Stanley E. Blake, 10 Michael H. Salazar, 11 Judith Eastwood, 12 Thomas F. Phelan, 13 Albert Breimer, 14 Christina Strimple, 15 John C. Ferguson, 16 Jennifer Nielsen, 17 Charles W. Walker, 18 Porter M. Kier, 19 Richard H. Chesher, 20 William C. Austin, 21 Bertha M. Cutress, 22 Charles Major, 23 Christopher R. C. Paul, 24 Ilana Ferber, 25 David L. Meyer, 26 Donald B. Macurda Jr., 27 Dennis W. Burdick, 28 Gerald J. Bakus, 29 Robert S. Carney, 30 F. Julian Fell, 31 Donald Broom, 32 Robert L. Singletary, 33 A. John Jordan, 34 Lawrence W. Coady, 35 Ailsa M. Clark, 36 Andrew C. Campbell, 37 John M. Lawrence, 38 Jeremy D. Woodley, 39 David G. Atwood, 40 Lowell P. Thomas, 41 John H. Dearborn, 42 Michael A. Kyte, 43 David L. Pawson, 44 Irving Gray, 45 Alan S. Horowitz, 46 David N. Emerson, 47 George D. Sevastopulo, 48 Richard L. Turner, 49 James Sutton, 50 James C. Brower, 51 Frank J. S. Maturo, 52 Edward P. F. Rose, 53 David Nichols, 54 Douglas H. Fenner, 55 W. Ross Ellington, 56 Donald P. Kelso, 57 James Sprinkle, 58 N. Gary Lane, 59 Michael LaBarbera, 60 John P. Eylers, 61 D. Keith Serafy, 62 Elizabeth M. Sides, 63 Dana Scott, 64 Maria Elena Caso, 65 Frank Jeal, 66 Jerald A. Halpern, 67 J. Wyatt Durham, 68 John M. Warn, 69 Dennis R. Kolata, 70 Ronald L. Parsley, 71 Richard U. Gooding, 72 Bruce M. Bell, 73 Gordon Hendler, 74 John S. Pearse, 75 Richard R. Strathmann, 76 Thomas S. Hopkins, 77 Stephen E. Stancyk, 78 John Caldwell, 79 Unidentified person, 80 Frederick H. C. Hotchkiss, 81 Aage M. Christensen, 82 Juan C. Castilla, 83 Fred C. Ziesenhenne. Image courtesy John M. Lawrence.
Figure 1 from: Ziegler A, Mirantsev G, Jangoux M, Kroh A (2014) Historical aspects of meetings, publication series, and digital resources dedicated to echinoderms. Zoosystematics and Evolution 90(1): 45-56. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.90.7201
Figure 1 - Impressions from two social gatherings organized during the first official echinoderm meeting, the Symposium on Physiology of Echinodermata, held 1963 in Washington, DC as part of the 16th International Congress of Zoology. (A) John B. Loefer, Richard A. Boolootian, John M. Anderson, Allahverdi A.-H. Farmanfarmaian. (B) Dennis J. Crisp, W. Randolph Taylor. (C) George P. Wells, Friedrich Krüger. (D) Hans O. Brattström, Wolfgang Wieser, Williamina A. M. Courtney, C. Ladd Prosser, unidentified person. (E) Jeremy D. Woodley, Lary V. Davis, Thomas S. Hopkins, John S. Pearse. (F) John M. Anderson, Aage M. Christensen. Images courtesy Mark Boolotian and Richard A. Boolootian.
Data from: Phylogenomic resolution of the Hemichordate and Echinoderm clade
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Data from: Age determination in echinoderms: first evidence of annual growth rings in holothuroids
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