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FIGURES 9–10 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURES 9–10. Wings of Rhyacophila fasciata Hagen 1859 and Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid sp. nov. 9a, forewing of R. fasciata, lectotype [Museum of Comparative Zoology of Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA (MCZH), with permission]; 9b, forewing of R. fasciata male from Slovakia; 9c, hind wing of R. fasciata male from Slovakia. 10a, forewing of R. anatolica male. 10b, hind wing of R. anatolica male. St = stigma. Major veins: C = costa, Sc = subcosta, R 1 –R = 5 radius, M 1 –M 4 = media, Cu1–Cu2 = cubitus, A1–A3 = anal; m-cu = crossvein between medial and cubital veins, cu-a = crossvein between second cubital and first anal veins (from Holzenthal et al. 2007). Scale bars: 2 mm. 9a: specimen preserved dry, 9b–c, 10a–b: specimens preserved in ethanol.

FIGURES 15–18 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURES 15–18. Males and females of Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid sp. nov. and Rhyacophila fasciata Hagen 1859. 15, male of R. anatolica: 15a, 2nd segment of left inferior appendage, left lateral; 15b, apicodorsal lobe of segment IX and preanal appendages, dorsal; 15c, parameres and ventral lobe of aedeagus (phallicata), ventral; 15d, left paramere, left lateral. 16, male of R. fasciata: 16a, 2nd segment of left inferior appendage, left lateral; 16b, apicodorsal lobe of segment IX and preanal appendages, dorsal; 16c, parameres and ventral lobe of aedeagus (phallicata), ventral; 16d, left paramere, left lateral. 17, female segments VIII–XI of R. anatolica: 17L, left lateral; 17D, dorsal; 17V, ventral. 18, female segments VIII–XI of R. fasciata: 18L, left lateral; 18D, dorsal; 18V, ventral. Scale bars: Figures 15a–c, 16a–c = 0.5 mm, Figures 15d, 16d = 200 μm, Figures 17, 18 = 1 mm.

FIGURE 8 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURE 8. Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid sp. nov., paired abdominal hook plates of male pupa. 8l and 8r, left and right hook plates, respectively. A = anterior hook plates, dorsal, P = posterior hook plates, dorsal; III–VII = abdominal terga III through VII, dorsal. Scale bars: 50 μm.

FIGURE 1 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURE 1. Setae (S) and sensory pits (P) of the head and thorax of Rhyacophila larvae. 1a, head, dorsal; 1b, prothorax, right sclerite, dorsal (from Williams & Wiggins 1981).

FIGURES 11–12 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURES 11–12. Male and female genitalia of Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid sp. nov., respectively. 11, male: 11A, 2nd segment of left inferior appendage, left lateral; 11BV, 11BL, parameres: 11BV, parameres (p) and ventral lobe of aedeagus (phallicata) (vl), ventral; 11BL, left paramere, left lateral. 11CL, 11CD, aedeagus (phallicata) and lateroventral lobes: 11CL, aedeagus and its left lateroventral lobe, left lateral; 11CD, aedeagus and its lateroventral lobes (lvl), dorsal. 10DD, apicodorsal lobe of segment IX (al) and preanal appendages (pa), dorsal; 11DV, segment X, ventral, ab = apical band, as = anal sclerites, va = non-sclerotized ventral area. 12, female segments VIII–XI: 12L, left lateral; 12D, dorsal; 12V, ventral. Scale bars: unlabelled = 1 mm; ● = 0.5 mm; * = 200 μm.

FIGURES 2–7 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURES 2–7. Larva of Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid sp. nov. 2a–2d, head: 2a, dorsal; 2b, right lateral; 2c, ventral; 2d, frontoclypeus, dorsal. 3D–3V, mandibles from last instar larval exuviae, left (l) and right (r): 3D, dorsal; 3V, ventral. 4a–4b, prothorax: 4a, dorsal; 4b, left hemisclerite, left lateral. 5, abdominal segment III, dorsal, A = anterior edge. 6, abdominal tergite IX. 7a–7c, details of anal prolegs: 7a, right anal claw, right lateral; 7b, detail of basolateral plate with sword process (sp) and basoventral hook (bh), right lateral; 7c, detail of right claw, right lateral. Scale bars: unlabelled = 1 mm; ● = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 20 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURE 20. Spatial distribution of Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid sp. nov. in Turkey. Star: specimens with DNA information. B. Bulgaria, C: Cyprus, Ge: Georgia, Gr: Greece, I: Iraq, R: Russia, S: Syria.

FIGURES 13–14 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURES 13–14. Larvae of Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid sp. nov. and Rhyacophila fasciata Hagen 1859. 13, R. anatolica: 13a, head, dorsal; 13b, prothorax, dorsal; 13c, abdominal tergite IX, dorsal; 13d, left anal proleg, left lateral. 14, R. fasciata: 14a, head, dorsal. 14b, prothorax, dorsal; 14c, abdominal tergite IX, dorsal; 14d, left anal proleg, left lateral. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 19 in The Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex (Trichoptera: Rhyacophilidae) in Turkey with description of a new species, Rhyacophila anatolica Ekingen & Valladolid, sp. nov., based on morphological, genetic, and ecological evidence

FIGURE 19. Phylogenetic relationships among the species of the "Rhyacophila fasciata Species Complex" included in this study. The ML tree represents a combination of Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood trees based on COI. Support for each node is represented by the posterior probabilities (PP) resulting from the Bayesian inference analysis and the bootstrap support values (BS) obtained for the maximum likelihood tree (PP/BS, respectively). 19a, Rhyacophila cf. obliterata, outgroup; 19b–19k, R. fasciata Complex: 19b, Rhyacophila septentrionis McLachlan 1865; 19c, R. viteceki Valladolid & Kučinić 2020 (by Valladolid et al. 2020); 19d, R. loeffleri Valladolid & Waringer (by Valladolid et al. 2023); 19e, R. macedonica Karaouzas, Valladolid & Ibrahimi 2022 (by Valladolid et al. 2022); 19f, R. fasciata Hagen 1859; 19g, R. delici Kučinić & Valladolid 2020 (by Valladolid et al. 2020); 19h, R. denticulata McLachlan 1879; 19i, R. sociata Navás 1916; 19j, R. anatolica sp. nov.; 19k, R. kykladica Malicky & Sipahiler 1993. Data for specimens are summarized in Table 1 (R. anatolica) and by Valladolid et al 2024. Scale bar: mean number of nucleotide substitutions per site or nucleotide position on the respective branch.

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Genetic and species-level biodiversity patterns are linked by demography and ecological opportunity

<p>The processes that give rise to species richness gradients are not well understood, but may be linked to resource-based limits on the number of species a region can support. Ecological limits placed on regional species richness should also affect population demography, suggesting that these processes could also generate genetic diversity gradients. If true, we might better understand how broad-scale biodiversity patterns are formed by identifying the common causes of genetic diversity and species richness. We develop a hypothetical framework based on the consequences of regional variation in ecological limits set by resource availability and heterogeneity to simultaneously explain spatial patterns of species richness and neutral genetic diversity. Repurposing raw genotypic data spanning 38 mammal species sampled across 801 sites in North America, we show that estimates of genome-wide genetic diversity and species richness share spatial structure. Notably, species richness hotspots tend to harbor lower levels of within-species genetic variation. A structural equation model encompassing eco-evolutionary processes related to resource availability, habitat heterogeneity, and contemporary human disturbance supports the spatial patterns we detect. These results suggest broad-scale patterns of species richness and genetic diversity could both partly be caused by intraspecific demographic and evolutionary processes acting simultaneously across species.</p>

Figure 9 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 9. Above: distribution map of Colobopsis samples examined – countries where Colobopsis presence is known from the literature are highlighted in grey. Below: approximate distributions of other Camponotini (Camponotus barbaricus, of C. micans and of C. ruber) which resemble that of CSL Colobopsis.

Figure 10. Colobopsis imitans. A, B, E in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 10. Colobopsis imitans. A, B, E, worker (holotypus); C, D, F, G, soldier (specimen from the type locality). Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Pictures also available on AntWeb.org database, specimen codes: ANTWEB1041481 and ANTWEB1041482.

Figure 5 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 5. Principal component analyses of morphometric data of Colobopsis nest samples according to the two clusters evidenced by NC-PART clustering. Each small dot represents a colony sample. Large dots represent centroids.

Figure 6 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 6. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on the barcode fragment of the mtCOI gene from the Colobopsis specimens sequenced.

Figure 4 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 4. Dendrogram comparing the results of 'kmeans', and 'hclust' in NC Clustering of Colobopsis morphometric raw data. Two samples (4.5% of the total) are misplaced by both the dendrogram and one of the partitioning analyses, NC-part. kmeans; partially different samples being affected in each of the three analyses. The other partitioning analysis, NC-part. hclust returned the same sample assignment as the LDA did.

Figure 3 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 3. Chromatic ratios calculated from pictures of the Colobopsis CSL and DQL patterns and from pictures of the two putative model species Cr. scutellaris and D. quadripunctatus (N = 2 0 for each species or chromatic form). Boxplots show mean and standard deviation, while whiskers represent minimum and maximum values. Dots correspond to measured individuals. Their dispersal on the X-axis is a randomized graphic effect to avoid overlaps.

Figure 2 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 2. Type material of the described West-Palaearctic Colobopsis, all showing to the 'D. quadripunctatus-like' pattern. A, holotype queen of Colobopsis truncata from Liguria, Italy, preserved at the Turin Natural History Museum (Italy). B, syntype worker of Colobopsis fuscipes from Austria (picture from AntWeb.org, FOCOL2496; photographer: Christiana Klingenberg), preserved at the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt-Universität Berlin (Berlin, Germany). Note that the queen's red colour in the anterior heavily sculptured part of the phragmotic head is not relevant to evaluating its chromatic pattern. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 11. Colobopsis imitans. A, B, E, F in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 11. Colobopsis imitans. A, B, E, F, queen; C, D, G, male. Specimens from the type locality. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. Pictures also available on AntWeb.org database, specimen codes: ANTWEB1041483 and ANTWEB1041484.

Figure 8 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 8. Trail-following behaviour on Crematogaster scutellaris trails by other ants (indicated with arrows). On the left (A, C, E) CSL Colobopsis; on the right (B, D, F) Camponotus lateralis observed in the same locality performing the same behaviour (photos taken in Palermo (Sicily) during field surveys).

Figure 12 in Is mimicry a diversification-driver in ants? Biogeography, ecology, ethology, genetics and morphology define a second West-Palaearctic Colobopsis species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 12. Male genitalia of Colobopsis imitans in ventral and dorsal view, specimen from the type locality. Scale bars = 0.25 mm.