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Figure 4 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 4. Microhabitat parameters and activity of Goniurosaurus huuliensis (1) and Goniurosaurus luii (2): (a) substrate type; (b) position to cave/ crevice; (c) activity status; (d) substrate moisture.

Figure 5 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 5. The number of observed individuals of Goniurosaurus huuliensis and Goniurosaurus luii at different time intervals.

Figure 3 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 3. Microhabitat characters of Goniurosaurus huuliensis and Goniurosaurus luii. (a) Air temperature; (b) substrate surface temperature; (c) animal temperature; (d) relative air humidity; (e) substrate angle; (f) occupied height; (g) canopy coverage; (h) elevation.

Figure 2 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 2. (a) Karst mountain inhabited by Goniurosaurus huuliensis; (b) Microhabitat of Goniurosaurus luii; (c) G. huuliensis; and (d) G. luii on rock substrate. (Photographed by Hai N. Ngo.)

Figure 1 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Goniurosaurus huuliensis (violet circles enclosed by a violet line) and Goniurosaurus luii (pink triangles – northern Vietnam; pink squares – southern China – enclosed by a pink line). The orange square represents the distribution of another tiger gecko species, namely Goniurosaurus araneus, in China.

Figure 7 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 7. Anthropogenic impacts in natural habitats of Goniurosaurus huuliensis and Goniurosaurus luii: (a) quarrying for cement production; (b) timber logging. (Photographed by Hai N. Ngo.)

Fig. 2 a–c in Non-ecological speciation, niche conservatism and thermal adaptation: how are they connected?

Fig. 2 a–c. Strong sexual isolation between two congeneric species of demoiselles (Odonata: Calopteryx) in Europe. a These two species differ mainly in the male's secondary sexual character (amount of wing melanization, while females of both species are very similar. The banded demoiselle (C. splendens) has about 50 % of the wing covered with melanin, whereas the beautiful demoiselle (C. virgo) has almost the entire wing melanized. b At a sympatric locality in southern Sweden ("Klingavälsåns Naturreservat") these two species are strongly sexually isolated from each other and mate assortatively, although a few heterospecific pairs are found. c Experimental manipulation of

Fig. 5 a–c in Non-ecological speciation, niche conservatism and thermal adaptation: how are they connected?

Fig. 5 a–c. Mate preferences and species recognition is learned, rather than purely genetic among females of the banded demoiselle (C. splendens). a Female C. splendens discriminate between con- and hetero-specific males based on a visual cue: the amount of wing melanization (see also Fig. 2). Females (middle, below the two males) were allowed to choose and/or physically interact with either con- or hetero-specific males, and their mate responses were recorded (b, c). b Species discrimination is not present among sexually naïve C. splendens females that have been isolated since emergence from males of both species, but is present among sexually experienced females that have interacted with males in the field. Filled symbols Heterospecific

Fig. 4 a–c in Non-ecological speciation, niche conservatism and thermal adaptation: how are they connected?

Fig. 4 a–c. Sexual and natural selection on 12 morphological traits in the banded demoiselle (C. splendens), based on field observations of mating success of marked individuals. a Sexual selection is stronger than natural selection across all traits, irrespective over which time scale sexual selection is measured ("short" vs "long", referring to minutes and hours vs days). b Natural selection on the morphological

Fig. 3 a–c in Non-ecological speciation, niche conservatism and thermal adaptation: how are they connected?

Fig. 3 a–c. Weak interspecific thermal niche divergence between phenotypically and ecologically similar demoiselles (C. splendens and C. virgo). a Thermal images obtained from infrared (IR) photographs of demoiselles can be used to obtain accurate estimates of body temperatures, ambient temperatures and substrate temperatures. Here a copulating pair of C. virgo (pair in middle of figure). Note the white colour of the male, which reveals his substantially higher body temperature than the substrate (temperature scale on the right). b Interspecific niche divergence between C. splendens and C. virgo in minimum thorax temperature, substrate temperature, maximum substrate temperature and ambient temperature at a sympatric site ("Klingavälsåns Naturreservat" in southern Sweden). There is no

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Fig. 6 a–d. Ecological niche models for H. fumariifolia populations. a in Refugia and geographic barriers of populations of the desert poppy, Hunnemannia fumariifolia (Papaveraceae)

Fig. 6 a–d. Ecological niche models for H. fumariifolia populations. a Prediction of suitable habitat in the current environment. b Prediction projected onto past climatic layers (LGM; CCSM). c Prediction under

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Fig. 6 in Not the same: phylogenetic relationships and ecological niche comparisons between two different forms of Aglaoctenus lagotis from Argentina and Uruguay

Fig. 6 Annual and sexual niches overlap comparisons between the three forms of A. lagotis: A comparisons between Form I and Form IIa (annual niche above, sexual niche below); B comparisons between Form I and Form IIb (annual niche above, sexual niche below); C comparisons between Form IIb and Form IIa (annual niche above, sexual niche below). The overlap is represented along two principal component analysis (PCA) calibrated axes, the solid and dashed contour lines illustrate 100% and 50%, respectively, of the available (background) environment. Color shading represents the density of the occurrences by cell. The similarity tests between the compared forms were calculated from 100 iterations

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Fig. 2 in Not the same: phylogenetic relationships and ecological niche comparisons between two different forms of Aglaoctenus lagotis from Argentina and Uruguay

Fig. 2 Map showing the sampling localities for genetic and ecological niche analyses of A. lagotis. Sampled locations are indicated by colored symbols according to the identification of the individuals

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Fig. 5 in Not the same: phylogenetic relationships and ecological niche comparisons between two different forms of Aglaoctenus lagotis from Argentina and Uruguay

Fig. 5 Species tree and chronogram inferred from mitochondrial genes (cox1, 12S, and 16S+ L1 + nad1) and the nuclear intron tif5A with *BEAST under partition scheme by gene and strict clock. Numbers above branches denote Bayesian posterior probabilities clade

Figure 4 in First ecological assessment of the endangered Lichtenfelder's Tiger Gecko (Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi) from northern Vietnam: micro-habitat and macro-climatic niche comparisons between island and mainland populations

Figure 4. (A) Substrate types between island and mainland populations of Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi; (B) Number of observed individuals at positions (in or out) in different time intervals; (C) Elevations resided by island and mainland populations; (D) Distances from the observed animal to the near stream shore among four study areas.

Figure 3 in First ecological assessment of the endangered Lichtenfelder's Tiger Gecko (Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi) from northern Vietnam: micro-habitat and macro-climatic niche comparisons between island and mainland populations

Figure 3. Micro-habitat characteristics of Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi (A) Substrate temperature; (B) Canopy coverage; (C) Height above the ground in relation to the Snout-Vent Length (From low to high levels mentioned the frequency of captured animals); (D) Stream section type; (E) Surface substrate condition; (F) Activity status.

Figure 6 in First ecological assessment of the endangered Lichtenfelder's Tiger Gecko (Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi) from northern Vietnam: micro-habitat and macro-climatic niche comparisons between island and mainland populations

Figure 6. Comparisons of macro-climatic niches of Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi between island and mainland populations. (A) Climate niche space of the mainland population; (B) Climate niche space of the mainland population along the first two axes of the PCA-env (The solid (100%) and dashed contour (50%) lines illustrate the available macro-climate space); (C) The contribution of 19 climatic variables for loading PCA-env axes and the percentage of inertia explained by axes one and two.

Figure 5 in First ecological assessment of the endangered Lichtenfelder's Tiger Gecko (Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi) from northern Vietnam: micro-habitat and macro-climatic niche comparisons between island and mainland populations

Figure 5. (A) Scatterplot of all variable groups for the first (Dim1) and second (Dim2) axes in the Multiple factor analysis (MFA) (green triangles as inactive groups, red triangles as active groups or variables); (B) Scatterplot of all qualitative variables in the Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA); (C) The first four important variables of the Dim1; and (D) The Dim2; (E) Scatter diagram illustrating the micro-habitat niche space of island and mainland populations.

Figure 1 in First ecological assessment of the endangered Lichtenfelder's Tiger Gecko (Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi) from northern Vietnam: micro-habitat and macro-climatic niche comparisons between island and mainland populations

Figure 1. Records of Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi (orange circles – surveyed locations; blue green circles – other recorded occurrences); (1): Bai Tu Long National Park, Quang Ninh Province (2): Chi Linh District, Hai Duong Province, (3): Yen Tu Mountain, Quang Ninh Province, (4): Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve, Bac Giang Province. The background depicts elevation in northern Vietnam and southern China (from dark blue to red indicating higher elevation).

Figure 2 in First ecological assessment of the endangered Lichtenfelder's Tiger Gecko (Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi) from northern Vietnam: micro-habitat and macro-climatic niche comparisons between island and mainland populations

Figure 2. (A) Natural micro-habitat of Goniurosaurus lichtenfelderi; (B) An adult male resting on a moss-rock substrate.