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Fig. 18 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 18. Detailed map of the Rio Juruá at Igarapé Porongaba (localities 1 and 2), illustrating position of camp relative to major habitat types secondary trap lines (bold numbered lines) and placement of terra firme and várzea standardized lines. Capoeira is secondary regrowth of human disturbed forest; tabôca is regrown bamboo forest following a major bloom approximately 5–7 years previous to our sampling; roçado is active garden plots (see text for further details). Not drawn to scale.
Fig. 6 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 6. View of the edge of flooded várzea forest at Colocação ViraVolta (locality 14) in the Mouth Region of the Rio Jurua´. The photograph was taken by M. N. F. da Silva in early June 1992, during the end of the highwater season.
Fig. 26 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 26. Details of the placement of the standardized sample lines in the várzea forest on the left bank at Igarapé Nova Empresa (locality 8) and in the terra firme forest at Penedo, right bank (locality 7). Mata baixa is lowstature forest growing in an area with prolonged annual inundation. Distances (in meters) from the edge of the river are noted.
Fig. 9 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 9. Average understory density plotted against mean withintransect variance (A) or mean amongtransect variance (B). At each site, understory density was measured at 15 points spaced at 20 m intervals along each of three parallel 280 m transects.
Fig. 5 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 5. View of the interior of várzea forest at Barro Vermelho (locality 12) in the Lower Central Region of the Rio Jurua´. The photograph was taken in October 1991 during the dry season. Note the open forest with extensive leaf litter but few understory plants. Photograph by J. L. Patton.
Fig. 21 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 21. Details of the placement of the standardized sample lines in the terra firme forest on the left bank at Sobral (locality 4) and in várzea forest at Nova Vida, right bank (locality 3). Distances (in meters) from the edge of the river are noted.
Fig. 16 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 16. Attempt to salvage the CoróCoró after it sank following a collision with a submerged log on February 3, 1992, approximately 2 km below the community of Ocidente (locality b), in the headwaters of the Rio Jurua´. Photograph taken by M. N. F. da Silva.
Fig. 12 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 12. Rank abundance of the 34 most common tree families in (A) terra firme forest and their corresponding abundances in (B) várzea forest (n = 1200 trees in each). Families: 1, Leguminosae; 2, Moraceae; 3, Lecythidaceae; 4, Sapotaceae; 5, Myristicaceae; 6, Palmae; 7, Chrysobalanaceae; 8, Burseraceae; 9, Musaceae; 10, Violaceae; 11, Lauraceae; 12, Euphorbiaceae; 13, Sterculiaceae; 14, Elaeocarpaceae; 15, Humiriaceae; 16, Annonaceae; 17, Vochysiaceae; 18, Meliaceae; 19, Ochinaceae; 20 Rubiaceae; 21, Melastomataceae; 22, Guttiferae; 23, Apocynaceae; 24, Malpighiaceae; 25, Combretaceae; 26, Tiliaceae; 27, Nyctaginaceae; 28, Celastraceae; 29, Myrtaceae; 30, Anacardiaceae; 31, Sapindaceae; 32, Simaroubaceae; 33, Bombacaeae; and 34, Olacaceae.
Fig. 3 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 3. View of the Rio Juruá at Sobral (locality 4) in the Headwaters Region, looking east towards the right bank. The photograph was taken in March 1992, during the height of the rainy season. Note the lack of an exposed beach covered with grass, as in fig. 2, above; rather, the river meets, and sometimes penetrates, the edge of a narrow band of Cecropia with várzea forest just behind. The Rio Juruá is approximately 25 m wide at this point. Photograph by J. L. Patton.
Fig. 25 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 25. Detailed map of the Rio Juruá at Penedo (locality 7), illustrating major habitat types, secondary trap lines (bold numbered and lettered lines) and placement of terra firme standardized lines (see text for further details). Not drawn to scale. The várzea standard lines were placed at Igarapé Nova Empresa (locality 8), on the left bank approximately 1.5 to 2 km upriver.
Fig. 2 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 2. View of the Rio Juruá at Seringal Condor (locality 6) in the Upper Central Region, looking south towards the right bank. The photograph was taken in September 1991, during the dry season. An extensive sand bar covered with grass is exposed, behind which is a thick stand of Cecropia some 50 m in depth before the edge of várzea forest is encountered. The beach grass is a seasonally ephemeral community, but is the primary habitat of Oligoryzomys microtis. The Rio Juruá is approximately 30 m wide at this point. Photograph by J. L. Patton.
Fig. 19 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 19. Details of the placement of the standardized sample lines in the várzea forest on the left bank opposite Porongaba (locality 2) and in the terra firme forest at Igarapé Porongaba, right bank (locality 1). Distances (in meters) from the edge of the river are noted.
Fig. 8 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 8. View of a fallow garden at Penedo (locality 7) in the Upper Central Region of the Rio Jurua´ Didelphis marsupialis, Oryzomys perenensis, and Proechimys cuvieri were especially common in this habitat. Photograph by J. L. Patton in late August 1991.
Fig. 20 in Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia
Fig. 20. Detailed map of the Rio Juruá at Sobral (locality 4), indicating the position of camp relative to major habitat types, secondary trap lines (bold letters) and placement of terra firme and várzea standardized lines (see text for further details). Nova Vida (locality 3) was directly across the river. Not drawn to scale.
Figure 4 in Evolutionary and ecological significance of Lepidaster grayi, the earliest multiradiate starfish
Figure 4. Camera lucida illustration of arrangement of oral ossicles in Lepidaster grayi (specimen BGS GSM27515, British Geological Survey, Keyworth). Dark grey ornament indicates mouth ossicles; medium grey ornament indicates inferomarginal and axillary ossicles; light grey indicates matrix; mp = mouth-angle plates, t = tori.
Figure 3 in Evolutionary and ecological significance of Lepidaster grayi, the earliest multiradiate starfish
Figure 3. Lepidaster grayi, photograph and camera lucida drawing of specimen BU 673 (Lapworth Museum of Geology, University of Birmingham, U.). Seven visible rays numbered arbitrarily; scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 1 in Evolutionary and ecological significance of Lepidaster grayi, the earliest multiradiate starfish
Figure 1. Lepidaster grayi, Much Wenlock Limestone Formation (Silurian), Dudley, England. Specimen BGS GSM27515 (British Geological Survey, Keyworth, England), showing oral surface; m = madreporite. Scale bar = 10 mm.
Effect of host-switching on the ecological and evolutionary patterns of parasites
<p>Speciation via host-switching is a macroevolutionary process that emerges from a microevolutionary dynamic where individual parasites switch hosts, establish a new association, and reduce reproductive contact with the original parasite lineage. Phylogenetic distance and geographic distribution of the hosts have been shown to be determinants of the capacity and opportunity of the parasite to change hosts. Although speciation via host-switching has been reported in many host-parasite systems, its dynamic on the individual, population and community levels is poorly understood. Here we propose a theoretical model to simulate parasite evolution considering host-switching events on the microevolutionary scale, taking into account the macroevolutionary history of the hosts, to evaluate how host-switching can affect ecological and evolutionary patterns of parasites in empirical communities at regional and local scales. In the model, parasite individuals can switch hosts under variable intensity and have their evolution driven by mutation and genetic drift. Mating is sexual and only individuals that are sufficiently similar can produce offspring. We assumed that parasite evolution occurs at the same evolutionary time scale as their hosts and that the intensity of host-switching decreases as the host species differentiate. Ecological and evolutionary patterns were characterised by the turnover of parasite species among host species, and parasite evolutionary tree imbalance respectively. We found a range of host-switching intensity that reproduces ecological and evolutionary patterns observed in empirical communities. Our results showed that turnover decreased as host-switching intensity increased, with low variation among the model replications. On the other hand, tree imbalance showed wide variation and non-monotonic tendency. We concluded that tree imbalance was sensitive to stochastic events, whereas turnover may be a good indicator of host-switching. We found that local communities corresponded to higher host-switching intensity when compared to regional communities, highlighting that spatial scale is a limitation for host-switching.</p>
Overcoming the pitfalls of categorizing continuous variables in ecology and evolutionary biology
<ol> <li><span>Many metrics in biological research – from body size to life history timing to environmental metrics – are measured continuously (e.g., body size in grams) but analyzed as categories (e.g., large versus small). The pitfalls of categorization are well-recognized in statistics, but many scientists in the fields of ecology, evolution, and behavior may not be aware of this literature. These fields lack a review of common examples and feasible solutions to avoid the hazards of categorizing continuous data. </span></li> <li><span>Our goal was to summarize current practices of categorizing continuous predictors in ecology and evolutionary biology and provide guidance for overcoming those pitfalls. We conducted a mini-review of 72 recent publications in six popular journals to quantify the prevalence of categorization. We then summarized commonly categorized metrics and simulated a dataset to demonstrate the drawbacks of categorization using common metrics and realistic examples from ecology and evolutionary biology. </span></li> <li><span>We show that categorizing continuous variables is common (31% of publications reviewed), especially in the animal behavior field, and underscore that predictor variables – including abiotic, morphological, physiological, behavioral, and demographic metrics – can and should be collected and analyzed continuously. Our analysis of the simulated field dataset demonstrates how categorizing continuous variables can lower statistical power and change interpretation, especially when arbitrary breakpoints are used. Finally, we provide recommendations on how to keep variables continuous throughout the entire scientific process. </span></li> <li><span>Together, these pieces comprise an actionable guide to increasing statistical power and facilitating large synthesis studies by simply leaving continuous variables alone. Overcoming the pitfalls of categorizing continuous variables will allow ecologists and evolutionary biologists to continue making trustworthy conclusions about natural processes, along with predictions about their responses to climate change and other environmental contexts. We hope that this manuscript and its associated code will provide a useful lab practical for students and teachers to develop programming skills including data simulation, plotting, and model comparisons, as well as research skills including reporting and interpretation. </span></li> </ol>
Evolutionary effects of nitrogen are not easily predicted from ecological responses
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.