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493 results for “Flightless”
Fig. 14. Sequenced Lymantini specimen 10067 in Phylogeny, diversity and biogeography of flightless amphi-Pacific lymantine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)
Fig. 14. Sequenced Lymantini specimen 10067: Lymantina.
Fig. 10. Sequenced Lymantini specimen 9819 in Phylogeny, diversity and biogeography of flightless amphi-Pacific lymantine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)
Fig. 10. Sequenced Lymantini specimen 9819: Epibaenus pinicola Kuschel, 1959.
Fig. 13. Sequenced Lymantini specimen 10060 in Phylogeny, diversity and biogeography of flightless amphi-Pacific lymantine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)
Fig. 13. Sequenced Lymantini specimen 10060: Lymantina.
Fig. 12. Sequenced Lymantini specimen 9829 in Phylogeny, diversity and biogeography of flightless amphi-Pacific lymantine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)
Fig. 12. Sequenced Lymantini specimen 9829: Theognete galvezi Anderson, 2010.
A secure future? Human urban and agricultural land use benefits a flightless island-endemic rail despite climate change
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Identifying environmental characteristics that limit species' distributions is important for contemporary conservation and inferring responses to future environmental change. The Tasmanian native hen is an island-endemic flightless rail and a survivor of a prehistoric extirpation event. Little is known about the regional-scale environmental characteristics influencing the distribution of native hens, or how their future distribution might be impacted by environmental shifts (e.g., climate change). </span><span>Using a combination of local fieldwork and species distribution modelling, we assess environmental factors shaping the contemporary distribution of the native hen, and project future distribution changes under predicted climate change. We find 37.2% of Tasmania is currently suitable for the native hens, owing to low summer precipitation, low elevation, human-modified vegetation, and urban areas. <span>Moreover</span>, in unsuitable regions, </span><span>urban areas can create 'oases' of habitat, able to support populations with high breeding activity by providing resources and buffering against environmental constraints. Under climate change predictions, </span><span>native hens were predicted to lose only 5% of their occupied range by 2055. We conclude that the species is resilient to climate change and benefits overall from anthropogenic landscape modifications. As such, this constitutes a rare example of a flightless rail to have adapted to human activity.</span></p>
A secure future? Human urban and agricultural land use benefits a flightless island-endemic rail despite climate change
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Data from: Gradual evolution towards flightlessness in Steamer-Ducks
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A nuclear genome assembly of an extinct flightless bird, the little bush moa
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FIGURE 3 in Description of a new brachypterous scarab species, Orphnus brevialatus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Orphninae) from East Africa, with notes on flightlessness in the orphnines
FIGURE 3. Distribution of Orphninae taxa with fully developed wings (black dots) and reduced wings (white dots).
FIGURE 6 in Tazarcus, a new phylogenetically unplaced genus of two flightless weevils with metapleural ridge from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)
FIGURE 6. Tazarcus ogygia sp. nov., female holotype. A–D: habitus, dorsal (A), left lateral (B), ventral (C) and left frontolateral (D); E–F: female genital chamber (left apical hemisternite IX is broken and missing), dorsal (E) and ventral (F).
FIGURE 5 in Tazarcus, a new phylogenetically unplaced genus of two flightless weevils with metapleural ridge from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)
FIGURE 5. Tazarcus aeaea sp. nov., male holotype. A–D: habitus, dorsal (A), left lateral (B), ventral (C) and left fronto-lateral (D); E–F: aedeagus and tegmen, dorsal (E) and ventral (F).
FIGURE 4 in Tazarcus, a new phylogenetically unplaced genus of two flightless weevils with metapleural ridge from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae)
FIGURE 4. Maximum Likelihood inference phylogram. Terminal labels consist of a specimen ID (last four digits of the format CNCCOLVG0000XXXX, see Table 2), followed by the taxonomic name of maximal precision. Digits at internodes are bootstrap values (shown only for clades with>50%). Three clades with specimens possessing metapleural ridges are numbered 1–3 and illustrated to scale. HT and PT designate holotypes and paratypes, respectively.
Genomics reveals widespread ecological speciation in flightless insects
<p><span>Recent genomic analyses have highlighted parallel divergence in response to ecological gradients, but the extent to which altitude can underpin such repeated speciation remains unclear.</span> Wing reduction and flight loss have apparently evolved repeatedly in montane insect assemblages, and have been suggested as important drivers of hexapod diversification. We test this hypothesis using genomic analyses of a widespread wing-polymorphic stonefly species complex in New Zealand. We identified over 50,000 polymorphic genetic markers generated across almost 200 <i>Zelandoperla fenestrata</i> stonefly specimens using a newly generated plecopteran reference genome, to reveal widespread parallel speciation between sympatric full-winged and wing-reduced ecotypes. <span>Rather than the existence of a single, widespread, flightless taxon (<i>Zelandoperla pennulata</i>), evolutionary genomic data reveal that wing-reduced upland lineages have speciated repeatedly and independently from full-winged <i>Z. fenestrata</i>.</span> This repeated evolution of reproductive isolation between local ecotype pairs that lack mitochondrial DNA differentiation suggests that ecological speciation has evolved recently. A cluster of outlier SNPs detected in independently wing-reduced lineages, tightly linked in an approximately 85 kb genomic region that includes the developmental 'supergene' <i>doublesex</i>, suggests that this 'island of divergence' may play a key role in rapid ecological speciation.</p>
Data from: Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds
<p><span>Human-driven extinctions can affect our understanding of evolution, through the nonrandom loss of certain</span> types of species. Here, we explore how knowledge of a major evolutionary transition—the evolution of flightlessness in birds—is biased by anthropogenic extinctions. Adding data on 581 known anthropogenic extinctions to the extant avifauna increases the number of species by 5%, but quadruples the number of flightless species. The evolution of flightlessness in birds is a widespread phenomenon, occurring in more than half of bird orders and evolving independently at least 150 times. Thus, we estimate that this major evolutionary transition occurred at a rate four times higher than it would appear based solely on extant species. Our analysis of preanthropogenic avian diversity shows how anthropogenic effects can conceal the frequency of major evolutionary transitions in life forms and highlights that macroevolutionary studies with only small amounts of missing data can still be highly biased.</p>
Data from: Designing monitoring protocols to measure population trends of threatened insects: a case study of the cryptic, flightless grasshopper Brachaspis robustus
<p>Statistically robust monitoring of threatened populations is essential for effective conservation management because the population trend data that monitoring generates is often used to make decisions about when and how to take action. Despite representing the highest proportion of threatened animals globally, the development of best practice methods for monitoring populations of threatened insects is relatively uncommon. Traditionally, population trend data for the Nationally Endangered New Zealand grasshopper <em>Brachaspis robustus</em> has been determined by counting all adults and nymphs seen on a single ~1.5 km transect searched once annually. This method lacks spatial and temporal replication, both of which are essential to overcome detection errors in highly cryptic species like <em>B</em>. <em>robustus</em>. It also provides no information about changes in the grasshopper's distribution throughout its range. Here, we design and test new population density and site occupancy monitoring protocols by comparing a) comprehensive plot and transect searches at one site and b) transect searches at two sites representing two different habitats (gravel road and natural riverbed) occupied by the species across its remaining range. Using power analyses, we determined a) the number of transects, b) the number of repeated visits and c) the grasshopper demographic to count to accurately detect long term change in relative population density. To inform a monitoring protocol design to track trends in grasshopper distribution, we estimated the probability of detecting an individual with respect to a) search area, b) weather and c) the grasshopper demographic counted at each of the two sites. Density estimates from plots and transects did not differ significantly. Population density monitoring was found to be most informative when large adult females present in early summer were used to index population size. To detect a significant change in relative density with power > 0.8 at the gravel road habitat, at least seventeen spatial replicates (transects) and four temporal replicates (visits) were required. Density estimates at the natural braided river site performed poorly and likely require a much higher survey effort. Detection of grasshopper presence was highest (<em>p</em><sub><em>g</em></sub> > 0.6) using a 100 m x 1 m transect at both sites in February under optimal (no cloud) conditions. At least three visits to a transect should be conducted per season for distribution monitoring. Monitoring protocols that inform the management of threatened species are crucial for better understanding and mitigation of the current global trends of insect decline. This study provides an exemplar of how appropriate monitoring protocols can be developed for threatened insect species.</p>
Data from: Phylogenetic relationships of the Early Miocene diving and flightless duck Cayaoa bruneti (Aves, Anatidae) from Patagonia: homology or convergence?
Cayaoa bruneti, coming from the early Miocene of Gaiman Formation (Chubut, Argentina) is interpreted as one of the earliest examples of diving behaviour and the earliest example of flight loss within Anseriformes, being also the only known diving duck from South America. Herein is presented the first phylogeny of Anatidae with Cayaoa bruneti. It was made by the methodology of parsimony and by using characters previously defined by other authors, redefined in the present work as well as new characters. The phylogenetic analysis using all the characters and without considering the information contributed by analyses using molecular characters puts Cayaoa bruneti as part of a single radiation of diving ducks within Anatinae, as sister group to the Erismaturinae. Analyzing the different bones as different partitions show that the humerus and femur have the most effect, while the skull characters result in groupings closer to those seen in analyses with molecular characters. When making the analysis with a molecular backbone for the topology, Cayaoa bruneti arises as a basal branch within the Erismaturinae. These results make Cayaoa bruneti an independent and early example of the recurring evolution of flightlessness in large marine Anatidae.
FIGURES 2132. Female genitalia. Figs. 2123, 29 in New flightless Eumolpinae of the genera Apterodina Bechyné and Brachypterodina n. gen. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Neotropics
FIGURES 2132. Female genitalia. Figs. 2123, 29. Apterodina bechynei; 21, ovipositor, ventral view; 22, dorsal hood of segment IX. 23, segment VIII, dorsal view; 29, spermatheca. Figs. 24, 32, Apterodina ruminyahui; 24, ovipositor, ventral view; 32, spermatheca. Figs. 2527. 30, Brachypterodina morae; 25, ovipositor, ventral view; 26, dorsal hood of segment IX. 27, segment VIII, dorsal view; 30 (above and right), spermatheca; 28 (left and below), Brachypterodina gonzalezi, spermatheca. 31, Apterodina bucki, spermatheca.
FIGURES 3334 in New flightless Eumolpinae of the genera Apterodina Bechyné and Brachypterodina n. gen. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Neotropics
FIGURES 3334. Distribution of Apterodina and Brachypterodina. 33. Distribution of Apterodina; A. bechynei, closed diamond; A. bucki, closed circle; A. granulifera, closed triangle; A. ruminyahui, closed square. 34. Distribution of Brachypterodina. B. gonzalezi, closed triangle; B. morae, closed circle.
FIGURES 1420. Male genitalia. Figs. 1416 in New flightless Eumolpinae of the genera Apterodina Bechyné and Brachypterodina n. gen. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Neotropics
FIGURES 1420. Male genitalia. Figs. 1416, Apterodina bechynei; 14. median lobe, lateral view; 15. median lobe, apex; 16. apical sclerite. Figs. 1720, Brachypterodina morae; 16. median lobe and base of endophallus, lateral view; 18. median lobe, apex; 19. apical sclerite; 20. endophallic lateral digits of endophallus.
FIGURES 1013. Hind wings. 10 in New flightless Eumolpinae of the genera Apterodina Bechyné and Brachypterodina n. gen. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the Neotropics
FIGURES 1013. Hind wings. 10. Brachypterodina morae; 11. Apterodina ruminyahui. 12; Apterodina bechynei; 13. Apterodina bucki.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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