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Fig. 20 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 20. Ephydatia chileana Pisera and Sáez, 2003, Spongillida: Spongillidae, ZPAL Pf12; late Miocene, Quillagua Formation, Atacama region, Chile. A. Gemmule (cross-section). B. Gemmular theca with radial gemmuloscleres bearing strong spines on the shaft (cross-section). C, D. Inner surface of the theca with proximal rotules of gemmuloscleres. E. Diatomite with loose oxeas. F. Drawings of loose megascleres from the sample with gemmules. A–E, SEM images. Modified from Pisera and Sáez (2003).
Fig. 19 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 19. Oncosclera kaniensis Matsuoka and Masuda, 2000, Spongillida: Potamolepidae, TMNH; Nakamura Formation, early Miocene, River bed on the Kiso River, Dota, Gifu Prefecture, Central Japan. A. Sponge encrusting a shell (Anodonta, Mollusca, Bivalvia). B. Sponge encrusting a wood fragment retaining its annual rings. C. Gemmule (cross section). D. Megascleres. E. Oxea tip (megasclere). F. Strongyles tips (megasclere). G. Strongyles gemmuloscleres). H. Spiny tips of strongyles (gemmuloscleres). I. Strongyle and oxea (megascleres). J. Strongyles (gemmuloscleres). A, B, explanatory drawings; C–H, SEM images; I, J, drawings of the spicular complement. Modified from Matsuoka and Masuda (2000).
Fig. 16 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 16. Ephydatia gutenbergiana (Müller, Zahn, and Maidhof, 1982), Spongillida: Spongillidae; middle Eocene, Messel, Germany. A. Five oxeas as represented in the original description. B. Entire gemmule. C. Skeletal network (line-like arranged megascleres). D. Megascleres. E. Gemmuloscleres, the transitional forms of the series a (bottom, right) could point out an origin of the birotules from oxeas with shortened shaft. F. Corroded gemmuloscleres. G, H. Two illustrations of gemmuloscleres that has been shifted from the genus Spongilla to the genus Ephydatia; insert in H shows gemmulosclere in phase contrast. I. Megasclere, original material with corrosion marks that are characteristic for Messel. Modified from: A, Müller et al. (1982); B, F, Richter and Wuttke (1999); G, H, Richter and Wuttke (1995); I, Richter and Baszio (2009).
Fig. 21. Ephydatia fossilis Traxler, 1894 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 21. Ephydatia fossilis Traxler, 1894, Spongillida: Spongillidae. A. Drawings of oxeas (megascleres) and birotules (gemmuloscleres). Originally not to scale; from the text it may be inferred that the birotules are between 41 and 67 μm long, and oxeas are 160 to 350 μm long; material from the Bory site A1) and from the Dubrovica site (A2). B. Birotules with spiny shaft (gemmuloscleres); from Chambon, Central France. Birotules are 65–69 μm long. Modified from: A, Traxler (1894); B, Firtion (1944).
Fig. 15. Ephydatia kaiseri Rauff, 1926 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 15. Ephydatia kaiseri Rauff, 1926, Spongillida: Spongillidae; (pre) middle Eocene freshwater chert, Pomona diamond field, Namib Desert, Namibia. A. Grouped gemmuloscleres; originally enlarged 660×, the text states that particular birotules are 44–65 μm long. B. Megascleres; originally enlarged 175, the text states that spicules are 350 μm long. C. Birotule (gemmulosclere), originally enlarged 660×, the text states that spicule can be 44–65 μm long. D. Gemmule of a Recent species of Ephydatia (cross section). A, B, photographs; C, D, schematic drawings. Modified from Rauff (1926).
Fig. 14 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 14. Lutetiospongilla heili Richter and Wuttke, 1999, Spongillida: Spongillidae; Eocene, Messel oil shale, Germany. A. Holotype, SMF ME I 5143, carpet of closely bound gemmules with evident lumina and large radial gemmuloscleres. B. Single gemmular theca, firmly sessile on the surface of a woody plant, oblique view. Gemmular lumen (top right). C. Broken gemmule in the sediment with gemmular theca mainly formed of small more or less radially arranged gemmuloscleres. D. Broken-up lumen of a gemmule. Numerous mixed inner ends of large and small gemmuloscleres. E. Megasclere and large gemmuloscleres. F. Scattered sample with numerous huge gemmuloscleres. G. Megascleres originally finely spiny. Here, the pores are further apart and are narrower than in H. H. Gemmuloscleres from Messel with corrosion canals of original dense spines. SEM images. Modified from: A–D, Richter and Wuttke (1999); E, F, Richter and Baszio (2009); G, H, Richter and Baszio (2000).
Fig. 10 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 10. Spongillida gen. et sp. indet. sensu Schindler et al. 2008. Stefanian-Autunian, Permo-Carboniferous, Donnersberg, Friedelhausen, Saar-Nahe Basin, Germany. Thin section of spiculite from the site Lemberg/Saar-Nahe Basin, layer 4 (PWL2004/5035a-LS). A. Longitudinal and cross sections of slim oxeas with axial canal. B. Thick oxea with axial canal. C. Concentric spicule bundle. D. Slim oxea with axial canal. E. Radially arranged spicule bundle. F. Layer surface (find from stockpile) etched with hydrofluoric acid (PWL2004/5039-LS). Modified from Schindler et al. (2008).
Fig. 12. Spongilla purbeckensis Young, 1878 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 12. Spongilla purbeckensis Young, 1878, Spongillida: Spongillidae; Purbeck Limestone, Lower Cretaceous, Stare Cove, Dorset, England. A. Spicules in the spiculite as illustrated by Hinde (1883). B. Spiny oxeas in the drawing of Young (1878). Originally not to scale; it may be inferred from the text that spicules are 450 μm long.
Fig. 9 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 9. Spongillida gen. et sp. indet, sensu Cayeux (1929). Stephanian, upper Carboniferous; Montgros, Gard of the Massif Central, France. Freshwater spiculites where spicules (200–250 μm long) are horizontally arranged (A) and cross cut (B). Modified from Cayeux (1929: pl. XVII).
Fig. 8 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 8. Matris gemmuleanalogi Du, Wang, and Komiya, 2015, from the Ediacaran of Yangtze Gorges area, South China (originally interpreted as Ediacaran freshwater sponge but most likely representing amoebe tests). A. Gemmule-like structure in lateral view. B. Gemmule-like structure view from the top. C. Internal microstructures of a broken fossil. Gemmuloscleres-like structures are projected into the coat of the broken gemmule-like; C2, detail of C1 showing three possible layers of a coat (cross-section): a thin homogeneous inner layer, a pneumatic layer-like structure embedded with gemmuloscleres-like structure and a naked outer layer. D. Gemmule like surface with a possible gemmuloscleres protruding in the middle. E. Spine and tubercles on the gemmule-like surface. F. Short, dumbbell-like structure. G. Raphide microsclere-like structure. H. Gemmuloscleres-like structure. SEM images. Modified from Du et al. (2015).
Fig. 17 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 17. Potamophloios canadensis Pisera, Siver, and Wolfe, 2013, Spongillida: Potamolepidae, ZPAL Pf23; Lutetian, middle Eocene, Giraffe Kimberlite maar, Northern Canada. Strongyles (gemmuloscleres) in a wide dimensional range. Malformed spicules (bottom row). SEM images. Modified from Pisera et al. (2013).
Fig. 4 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 4. Gemmule morphology (resting bodies) of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region, subspherical unarmed gemmular theca. B. Metania reticulata (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region, cage of tangential megascleres around the gemmule. C. M. reticulata, ovoid gemmule (removed from the cage, see B) with radial birotules in the gemmular theca. D. Radiospongilla crateriformis (Potts, 1882), Cosmopolitan, gemmuloscleres radially arranged in the theca (cross section). E. Umborotula bogorensis (Weber, 1890), Palaearctic-Oriental-Australasian Region, subspherical gemmule with distal rotules of gemmuloscleres at the theca surface. F. Stratospongilla bombayensis (Carter, 1882), Oriental-Afrotropical Region, hemispherical gemmule with tangential gemmulosclere at the surface. G. R. crateriformis, gemmular theca with radial gemmuloscleres (close up, cross section). H. U. bogorensis, gemmule surface with distal rotules of birotule gemmuloscleres (close up). I . Oncosclera rousseleti (Kirkpatrick, 1906), Afrotropical Region, gemmule surface with tangential strongyle gemmuloscleres (close up, cross section). SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002, 2005, 2009).
Fig. 3 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 3. Morphology of microscleres of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A–C. Microxeas variously ornate by spines or tubercles. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region. B. Sterrastrolepis brasiliensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and De Rosa Barbosa, 1978, Neotropical Region. C. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. D. Microstrongyle with spines of Metania reticulata (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. E. Aster-like microscleres with hooks of Dosilia plumosa (Carter, 1849), Oriental Region. F. Pseudomicrobirotules of Corvospongilla burmanica (Kirkpatrick, 1908), Oriental Region. SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002).
Fig. 2 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 2. Morphology of megascleres of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A–F. Oxeas. A. Spongilla lacustris (Linnaeus, 1759), Palaearctic-Nearctic Region, slim smooth oxeas. B. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region, stout smooth oxeas. C. Lubomirskia baikalensis (Pallas, 1771), Palaearctic Region, spiny oxeas. D. Makedia tanaensis Manconi, Cubeddu, and Pronzato, 1999, Afrotropical Region, variously spiny slim oxeas. E. Anheteromeyenia argyrosperma (Potts,1880), Nearctic Region, irregularly micro-spiny oxea. F. Cortispongilla barroisi (Topsent, 1892), Palaearctic Region, irregularly micro-granulated oxea. G–L. Strongyles. G. Potamolepis marshalli Burton, 1938, Afrotropical Region, smooth, stout strongyles with inflated tips. H. Sterrastrolepis brasiliensis Volkmer-Ribeiro and De Rosa Barbosa, 1978, Neotropical Region, smooth strongyles. I. Baikalospongia bacillifera Dybowsky, 1880, Palaearctic Region, strongyloxeas with hooked tips. J. Potamolepis micropora Burton, 1938, Afrotropical Region, strongyles with microspines and inflated tips. K. Swartschewskia papyracea (Dybowsky, 1880), Palaearctic Region, spiny strongyles. L. Nudospongilla cunningtoni (Kirkpatrick, 1906), Afrotropical Region, spiny, slim strongyles. SEM images. Modified from Manconi and Pronzato (2002, 2009).
Fig. 1 in Fossil freshwater sponges: Taxonomy, geographic distribution, and critical review
Fig. 1. Growth forms (A–D) and skeletal architecture with variable amount of spongin (E–G) of Recent freshwater sponges of the order Spongillida. A. Oncosclera jewelli (Volkmer-Ribeiro, 1963), Neotropical Region. B. Stratospongilla sp. C. Metania rhodesiana (Burton, 1938), Afrotropical Region. D. Drulia sp. E. Heterorotula capewelli (Bowerbank, 1863), Australasian Region. F. Drulia browni (Bowerbank, 1863), Neotropical Region. G. Uruguayella repens (Hinde, 1888), Neotropical Region. E–G SEM images.
Fig. 2. A in Prevalence and geographic distribution of Babesia conradae and detection of Babesia vogeli in free-ranging California coyotes (Canis latrans)
Fig. 2. A) PCR positivity (indicated by color) of coyotes (Canis latrans) carcasses recovered (▴) in each county between 2015 and 2019. B) Map of southern California including Los Angeles, Orange, Ventura, San Bernardino, Riverside, and San Diego counties showing B. conradae PCR positivity (indicated by color) in each city where coyote carcasses were recovered. The number of coyotes sampled at each location is indicated by the size of the circle.
Fig. 3 in Prevalence and geographic distribution of Babesia conradae and detection of Babesia vogeli in free-ranging California coyotes (Canis latrans)
Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of Babesia positive coyotes (Canis latrans) collected in California from 2015 to 2019 with 7 different published reference sequences from other Babesia species for comparison. Scale bar represents percent of genetic variation along tree branches. Labels include coyote ID and location found. Alphanumeric values in parenthesis denote published GenBank sequence. Clades in <60% of bootstraps are collapsed.
Fig. 1 in Prevalence and geographic distribution of Babesia conradae and detection of Babesia vogeli in free-ranging California coyotes (Canis latrans)
Fig. 1. Base pair differences in a 70 base pair region of the 18S gene from Babesia conradae DNA sequences isolated from California coyotes (Canis latrans) splenic samples collected between 2015 and 2019 compared to published sequence available in GenBank.
FIGURE 5 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes
FIGURE 5 | Collection points for 442 threatened Neotropical freshwater fishes (NFF) colored by elevation and sized by species' description year. Threatened NFF species are often those described decades ago, with range-restricted distributions in the upland rivers of the Brazilian Shield and the Colombian Andes, and coastal Atlantic and Caribbean drainages. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; DD: Data Deficient (gray). Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates.
FIGURE 6 in Assessing extinction risk from geographic distribution data in Neotropical freshwater fishes
FIGURE 6 | Collection points for 671 potentially threatened Neotropical Freshwater Fishes (NFF). Potentially threatened NFF species predicted by the ConR package using EOO estimates are usually distributed outside protected areas (e.g., national parks, indigenous lands: green) and more often located in the upland rivers of the northern, central and southern Andes, and Eastern Guiana Shield. CR: Critically Endangered; EN: Endangered; VU: Vulnerable; LC or NT: Least Concern or Near Threatened; DD: Data Deficient. Data for 4,412 localities with geographic coordinates. Protected areas (green) from: https://www.protectedplanet.net.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.