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338 results for “Geographic ranges”
Figure 2 in Gorgocephalidae (Digenea: Lepocreadioidea) in the Indo-West Pacific: new species, life-cycle data and perspectives on species delineation over geographic range
Figure 2. Principal component analysis (PCA) on morphometric data obtained from adult gorgocephalids from multiple localities in the Indo-West Pacific. Note the clustering pattern indicating only two morphotypes, consistent with the two previously described species from the region.
Figure 12 in Gorgocephalidae (Digenea: Lepocreadioidea) in the Indo-West Pacific: new species, life-cycle data and perspectives on species delineation over geographic range
Figure 12. Gorgocephalus euryaleae and Gorgocephalus graboides, scanning electron micrographs. A, B, oral suckers of adult Gorgocephalus euryaleae ex Kyphosus gladius, Point Peron, Rockingham, Western Australia. C, tegument of adult Gorgocephalus euryaleae, ex Kyphosus gladius, Point Peron. D, E, oral suckers of adult Gorgocephalus graboides ex Kyphosus cinerascens, Lizard Island, Queensland, Australia. F, tegument of adult Gorgocephalus graboides ex Kyphosus cinerascens, Lizard Island. Scale bars: A, E, 40 µm; B, D, 50 µm; C, F, 20 µm.
Phylogenomics and fossil data inform the systematics and geographic range evolution of a diverse Neotropical ant lineage
<p>Recent advances in phylogenomics allow for the use of large amounts of genetic information in phylogenetic inference. Ideally, the increased resolution and accuracy of such inferences facilitate improved understanding of macroevolutionary processes. Here, we integrate ultraconserved elements (UCEs) with fossil and biogeographic range data to explore diversification and geographic range evolution in the diverse turtle ant genus <em>Cephalotes</em>. We focus on the potential role of the uplift of the Panamanian land bridge and the putative ephemeral GAARlandia land bridge linking South America and the Antilles in shaping the evolution in this group. Our phylogenetic analyses provide new resolution to the backbone of the turtle ant phylogeny. We further found that a majority of geographic range shifts between the South America and Central America regions were temporally consistent with the development of the Panamanian land bridge, while we did not find support for the GAARlandia land bridge. Additionally, we did not infer any shifts in diversification rates associated with our focal land bridges, or any other historical events (we inferred a single diversification rate regime across the genus). Our findings highlight the impact of the Panamanian land bridge for <em>Cephalotes</em> geographic range evolution as well as the influence of taxonomic sampling on macroevolutionary inferences. Keywords: Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Biogeography, Biology, Evolution, Phylogeny, Systematics</p>
Figure 3 in Phylogeny, migration and geographic range size evolution of Anax dragonflies (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae)
Figure 3. Maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstruction of migratory behaviour and geographical range of Anax on a Bayesian tree from five gene regions. The fraction of the circle that is shaded indicates the likelihood that the ancestor was migratory.
Figure 2 in Phylogeny, migration and geographic range size evolution of Anax dragonflies (Anisoptera: Aeshnidae)
Figure 2. Bayesian time-calibrated tree of five gene regions with placement of fossil taxa. Clades with dragonflies have at least one migratory taxon. Monophyletic species are condensed to show relationships. Posterior Probabilities> 0.90 not shown. *Outgroups include species from Aeshna, Oplonaeschna, Anaciaeschna and Gynacantha. See the Supporting Information (Table S1) for more details.
Distribution. SE Kenya and NE Tanzania. The Fringe-eared Oryx is geographically separated from the Galla Oryx by the Tana River and Aberdare Mts in S Kenya. Its range began to spread into the Serengeti in the 1970s. in Bovidae
Distribution. SE Kenya and NE Tanzania. The Fringe-eared Oryx is geographically separated from the Galla Oryx by the Tana River and Aberdare Mts in S Kenya. Its range began to spread into the Serengeti in the 1970s.
Distribution. Two geographically disjunct ranges, including arid parts of extreme SW Angola, W Namibia, and W South Africa S to Western Cape Province, and N Mozambique, E & S Zimbabwe, extreme E Botswana, and N South Africa; an 800km-gap separates the two parts of the species' range between Augrabies Falls on the Orange River in W South Africa and the Magaliesberg of North West and Gauteng provinces in N South Africa. in Molossidae
Distribution. Two geographically disjunct ranges, including arid parts of extreme SW Angola, W Namibia, and W South Africa S to Western Cape Province, and N Mozambique, E & S Zimbabwe, extreme E Botswana, and N South Africa; an 800km-gap separates the two parts of the species' range between Augrabies Falls on the Orange River in W South Africa and the Magaliesberg of North West and Gauteng provinces in N South Africa.
Extant species fail to estimate ancestral geographical ranges at older nodes in primate phylogeny
<p>A clade's evolutionary history is shaped, in part, by geographical range expansion, sweepstakes dispersal and local extinction. A rigorous understanding of historical biogeography may therefore yield insights into macroevolutionary dynamics such as adaptive radiation. Modern historical biogeographic analyses typically fit statistical models to molecular phylogenies, but it remains unclear whether extant species provide sufficient signal or if well-sampled phylogenies of extinct and extant taxa are necessary to produce meaningful estimates of past ranges. We investigated the historical biogeography of Primates and their euarchontan relatives using a novel meta-analytical phylogeny of over 900 extant ( n = 419) and extinct ( n = 483) species spanning their entire evolutionary history. Ancestral range estimates for young nodes were largely congruent with those derived from molecular phylogeny. However, node age exerts a significant effect on ancestral range estimate congruence, and the probability of congruent inference dropped below 0.5 for nodes older than the late Eocene, corresponding to the origins of higher-level clades. Discordance was not observed in analyses of extinct taxa alone. Fossils are essential for robust ancestral range inference and biogeographic analyses of extant clades originating in the deep past should be viewed with scepticism without them.</p>
Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. longimembris Coues, 1875 — SW USA (Mojave Desert and Transverse Ranges, SW California). P. l. aestivus Huey, 1928 — NW Mexico (W base Sierra Juarez to Valle de la Trinidad, N Baja California). P.l. arizonensis Goldman, 1931 — SW USA (SC Utah and NC Arizona to SE Nevada). P. l.bangsi Mearns, 1898 — SW USA (W Colorado Desert of S California). P. l. bombycinus Osgood, 1907 — SW USA and NW Mexico (lower Colorado River Valley of SE California, SW Arizona, NE Baja California, and NW Sonora). P. l. brevinasus Osgood, 1900 — SW USA (arid coastal basins of SW California). P. l. gulosus Hall, 1941 — W USA (along the W margin of former Pleistocene Lake Bonneville in the Great Basin of E Nevada and W Utah). P. l. internationalis Huey, 1939 — SW USA and NW Mexico (SC California and adjacent NC Baja California). P. l. kinoensis Huey, 1935 — NW Mexico (disjunct and geographically restricted population along Bahia Kino, W Sonora), but may be extinct. P. l. nevadensis Merriam, 1894 — W USA (Great Basin of SE Oregon, NE California, and NC Nevada). P. l. pacificus Mearns, 1898 — SW USA (coastal plains of SW California to the USA-Mexico border). P. I. panamintinus Merriam, 1894 — SW USA (Great Basin of W Nevada and SE California). P. l. pimensis Huey, 1937 — SW USA (disjunct distribution in SC Arizona). P. l. salinensis Bole, 1937 — SW USA (restricted distribution in the Salinas Valley of SE California). P. l. tularensis Richardson, 1937 — SW USA (restricted distribution in the upper valley of the Kern River, SC California). P. l. venustus Huey, 1930 — NW Mexico (known only from the type locality of San Agustin, NC Baja California). in Heteromyidae
Subspecies and Distribution. P. l. longimembris Coues, 1875 — SW USA (Mojave Desert and Transverse Ranges, SW California). P. l. aestivus Huey, 1928 — NW Mexico (W base Sierra Juarez to Valle de la Trinidad, N Baja California). P.l. arizonensis Goldman, 1931 — SW USA (SC Utah and NC Arizona to SE Nevada). P. l.bangsi Mearns, 1898 — SW USA (W Colorado Desert of S California). P. l. bombycinus Osgood, 1907 — SW USA and NW Mexico (lower Colorado River Valley of SE California, SW Arizona, NE Baja California, and NW Sonora). P. l. brevinasus Osgood, 1900 — SW USA (arid coastal basins of SW California). P. l. gulosus Hall, 1941 — W USA (along the W margin of former Pleistocene Lake Bonneville in the Great Basin of E Nevada and W Utah). P. l. internationalis Huey, 1939 — SW USA and NW Mexico (SC California and adjacent NC Baja California). P. l. kinoensis Huey, 1935 — NW Mexico (disjunct and geographically restricted population along Bahia Kino, W Sonora), but may be extinct. P. l. nevadensis Merriam, 1894 — W USA (Great Basin of SE Oregon, NE California, and NC Nevada). P. l. pacificus Mearns, 1898 — SW USA (coastal plains of SW California to the USA-Mexico border). P. I. panamintinus Merriam, 1894 — SW USA (Great Basin of W Nevada and SE California). P. l. pimensis Huey, 1937 — SW USA (disjunct distribution in SC Arizona). P. l. salinensis Bole, 1937 — SW USA (restricted distribution in the Salinas Valley of SE California). P. l. tularensis Richardson, 1937 — SW USA (restricted distribution in the upper valley of the Kern River, SC California). P. l. venustus Huey, 1930 — NW Mexico (known only from the type locality of San Agustin, NC Baja California).
Distribution. CE Madagascar, known only from its type locality, the Sahafina Forest (29-230 m above sea level), a lowland rainforest fragment of 15-6 km2, and its surrounding "savoka" (fallow farmland with cultivated trees), about 58 km E of Andasibe-Mantadia National Park and 18 km W of the Indian Ocean. The geographic range is presumably limited to the lowland areas (below 700 m) between the Mangoro River to the S and the Rianila River to the N, an area of about 7600 km?2. in Cheirogaleidae
Distribution. CE Madagascar, known only from its type locality, the Sahafina Forest (29-230 m above sea level), a lowland rainforest fragment of 15-6 km2, and its surrounding "savoka" (fallow farmland with cultivated trees), about 58 km E of Andasibe-Mantadia National Park and 18 km W of the Indian Ocean. The geographic range is presumably limited to the lowland areas (below 700 m) between the Mangoro River to the S and the Rianila River to the N, an area of about 7600 km?2.
Data from: Geographic range dynamics drove ancient hybridization in a lineage of angiosperms
Elucidating the dynamic distribution of organismal lineages has been central to biology since the nineteenth century, yet the difficulty of combining biogeographic methods with shifts in habitat suitability remains a limitation. This integration, however, is critical to understanding geographic distributions, present and past, as well as the time-extended trajectories of lineages. Here, we link previous advances in phyloclimatic modeling to develop a framework that overcomes existing methodological gaps by predicting potential ecological and geographic overlap directly from estimated ancestral trait distributions. We show the utility of this framework by focusing on a clade in the montane angiosperm genus Heuchera, which is noteworthy in that it experienced ancient introgression from circumboreally distributed species of Mitella, lineages now ~1,300 km disjunct. Using this system, we demonstrate an application of ancestral state reconstruction to assess geographic range dynamics in a lineage lacking a fossil record. We test hypotheses regarding inferred past geographic distributions and examine the potential for ancient geographic contact. Application of this multifaceted approach suggests potential past contact between species of Heuchera and Mitella in western North America during cooler periods of the Pleistocene. Integration of niche models and phylogenetic estimates suggests that climatic cooling may have promoted range contact and gene flow between currently highly disjunct species. Our approach has wide applicability for testing hypotheses concerning organismal co-occurrences in deep time.
Distribution. Known only from seven localities in Central Cordillera of New Guinea, including Star (= Jayawijaya) Mts and the Hindenburg, Victor Emanuel, and Blucher ranges. A subfossil specimen from an owl pellet deposit at 3450 m on Mt Jaya, W New Guinea, may also represent this species; if confirmed, this would extend both the geographic and elevational range of Mirza's Western Moss Rat. in Muridae
Distribution. Known only from seven localities in Central Cordillera of New Guinea, including Star (= Jayawijaya) Mts and the Hindenburg, Victor Emanuel, and Blucher ranges. A subfossil specimen from an owl pellet deposit at 3450 m on Mt Jaya, W New Guinea, may also represent this species; if confirmed, this would extend both the geographic and elevational range of Mirza's Western Moss Rat.
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996). in Muridae
The first comprehensive revision of all the species attributed to Melomys led J. I. Menzies in 1996 to resurrect the genus Paramelomys and to redefine its morphologicallimits and species content. Menzies created P. gressitti as a new species belonging to a group displaying morphological similarities and including also P. lorentzii and P. moncktoni. Monotypic Distribution. E New Guinea. Descriptive notes. Head-body 135-162 mm, hindfoot 30-34 mm; no specific data are available for body weight. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is a medium-sized Paramelomys with a soft, thick and woolly pelage, a long narrow foot, and a tail with three hairs per scale. It exhibits a medium-sepia dorsal pelage and a gray-buff ventral one. Tail is slightly shorter (99%) than head-body length. The skull has a narrow zygomatic plate. Habitat. Moist tropical mountain forest between 2300 m and 2400 m. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is terrestrial. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List owing to its small geographic range (less than 3500 km?*) and the destruction ofits habitat by mining and logging activities. The major threat to Gressitt's Mosaic-tailed Rat is ongoing habitat degradation caused by nearby human populations; habitat on Mount Kandy has been destroyed by gold-miners and wood-cutters. Bibliography. Menzies (1996).
Geographic range size, water temperature and extrinsic threats predict the extinction risk in global cetaceans
<p><span>Despite that cetaceans provide significant ecological contributions to the health and stability of aquatic ecosystems, they are highly endangered with nearly one-third of species assessed as threatened with extinction. Nevertheless, to date, few studies have explicitly examined the patterns and processes of extinction risk and threats for this taxon, and even less between the two subclades (Mysticeti and Odontoceti). To fill this gap, we compiled a dataset of six intrinsic traits (active region, geographic range size, body weight, diving depth, school size and reproductive cycle), six environmental factors relating to sea surface temperature and chlorophyll concentration, and two human-related threat indices that are commonly recognized for cetaceans. We then employed phylogenetic generalized least square (PGLS) models and model selection to identify the key predictors of extinction risk in all cetaceans, as well as in the two subclades. We found that geographic range size, sea surface temperature and human threat index were the most important predictors of extinction risk in all cetaceans and in odontocetes. Interestingly, maximum body weight was positively associated with the extinction risk in mysticetes, but negatively related to that for odontocetes. By linking seven major threat types to extinction risk, we further revealed that fisheries bycatch was the most common threat, yet the impacts of certain threats could be overestimated when considering all species rather than just threatened ones. Overall, we suggest that conservation efforts should focus on small-ranged cetaceans and species living in warmer waters or under strong anthropogenic pressures. Moreover, further studies should consider the extinction risk of species when superimposing risk maps and quantifying risk severity. Finally, we emphasize that mysticetes and odontocetes should be conserved with different strategies, because their extinction risk patterns and major threat types are </span><span>considerably</span><span> different. For instance, large-bodied mysticetes and small-ranged odontocetes require special conservation priority.</span></p>
Idiosyncratic shifts in life-history traits at species' geographic range edges
<p>Anthropogenic changes drive shifts in species' geographic distributions and increase the occurrence of leading or trailing-edge marginal populations. Theoretical predictions and empirical observations indicate substantial changes in life-history traits in marginal populations, often involving dispersal and reproductive abilities. Using a common garden experiment, we studied the variation of life-history traits of populations sampled on spatial gradients extending from range-core to range-edge habitats for three expanding (miner's lettuce <em>Claytonia perfoliata</em>, Danish scurvygrass <em>Cochlearia</em> <em>danica</em>, and rock samphire <em>Crithmum</em> <em>maritimum</em>) and one receding plant species (dune pansy <em>Viola</em> <em>tricolor</em> subs. <em>curtisii</em>). We monitored life-history traits related to dispersal, phenology, survival, reproductive output, and selfing ability. Significant shifts in life-history traits between central and marginal populations strongly differed among species. Marginal populations of the three expanding species displayed modified seed weight in natura, suggesting increased dispersal abilities in leading-edge populations. Discarding unassessed maternal effects, this trait modification can be due to phenotypic plasticity or to genetic differentiation. In miner's lettuce, marginal expanding populations show advanced phenology and higher reproductive output, which may potentially influence their colonization ability. In rock samphire, life-history traits showed large intra- and inter-population variability that did not follow a core-to-edge geographic trend, except for seed size. Finally, the receding populations of the dune pansy displayed a shift towards a plant architecture maximizing survival but reducing individual reproductive success. Altogether, our results indicated a common trend for increased dispersal abilities in marginal populations of expanding species. However, shifts in species' distributions may drive idiosyncratic changes in other life-history traits, for which we observed no general evolutionary syndrome at range edges. These findings go along a stochastic view of trait evolution during range expansion and question how to draw predictive projections of species' distribution shifts under current global change.</p>
Figure 1 in Extending the geographic and altitudinal range of Popilius gibbosus (Burmeister, 1847) (Coleoptera: Passalidae) with taxonomical comments
Figure 1. Popilius gibbosus (Burmeister, 1847), habitus. (A) dorsal; (B) ventral; (C) lateral.
Fig. 2 in Phylogenomics and Fossil Data Inform the Systematics and Geographic Range Evolution of a Diverse Neotropical Ant Lineage
Fig. 2. MCMCTree time-scaled phylogeny (RAxML topology pruned to one tip per species) with historical biogeographic range inferences from the four-node fossil-constrained BioGeoBEARS analysis mapped onto nodes. An asterisk (*) indicates the location of a fossil node calibration.The light purple shading spans the proposed start and end dates (35–32 Mya) of the GAARlandia land bridge linking South America to the Antilles.The light gold shading spans the potential early start date and the complete closure date of the Panamanian land bridge (10–3.5 Mya).Transitions with boxes outlined in red denote differences from the historical geographic range inference without fossil constraints (Supp Fig. S7 [online only]). A, Antilles; C, Central America; S, South America.
Fig. 3. Phylorate plot from a in Phylogenomics and Fossil Data Inform the Systematics and Geographic Range Evolution of a Diverse Neotropical Ant Lineage
Fig. 3. Phylorate plot from a diversification rate-shift analysis in BAMM. A single rate regime is inferred without any rate shifts detected. Diversification rate gradient legend is in units of species/million years.
Fig. 1 in Phylogenomics and Fossil Data Inform the Systematics and Geographic Range Evolution of a Diverse Neotropical Ant Lineage
Fig. 1. Cephalotes topology inferred with RAxML, with species groups inferred in this study annotated with reference to previous species group designations. Numbers along the phylogeny correspond to species groups listed in the inset. Black circles indicate nodes with bootstrap support <95%, with corresponding bootstrap values displayed. Species (and photo credit) imaged, from top: Cephalotes persimilis de Andrade, 1999 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes pellans de Andrade, 1999 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes pusillus (Klug, 1824) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes guayaki de Andrade, 1999 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes umbraculatus (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Shannon Hartman), Cephalotes manni (Kempf, 1951) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Will Ericson), Cephalotes depressus (Klug, 1824) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes setulifer (Emery, 1894) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee),Cephalotes kukulcan (Ryan Perry),Cephalotes multispinosus (Norton, 1868) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes rohweri (Wheeler, 1916) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes complanatus (Guérin-Méneville, 1844) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes clypeatus (Fabricius, 1804) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (April Nobile), Cephalotes unimaculatus (Smith, 1853) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Wade Lee), Cephalotes opacus Santschi, 1920 (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (Shannon Hartman). Images from antweb.org under a Creative Commons Attribution License. Accessed August 24, 2020.
FIGURE 11 in A new species of nurse-frog (Aromobatidae, Allobates) from the Madeira River basin with a small geographic range
FIGURE 11. (A) Relative location of middle and lower course of the Madeira River in South America. Black rectangle delimits the area shown in detail in (B). (B) Sampling sites discussed in text (see Geographic Distribution). 1—Manicoré; 2— Village of Democracia; 3—Novo Aripuanã; 4—Borba; 5—Nova Olinda do Norte. (C) LandSat image of the city of Manicoré and surroundings. White square: central area of the city of Manicoré. Yellow star: type locality of Allobates bacurau on Estrada do Miriti, a dirt road south of the city. White areas correspond to open habitat; gray shades indicate forested areas; black colors correspond to water bodies.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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