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FIG. 13 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 13. Comparison between the elbow of bats (A, left elbow of Dasypterus ega; B, left elbow of Molossops temminkii) and humans (C, D, modified from Mittal et al., 2014), including either an olecranon (A, C) or an ulnar patella (B, D). The possible homology between the ulnar patella in bats and the anomalous "patella cubiti" in humans is shown.

FIG. 5 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 5. Selected sesamoids in the forelimb of various extant species. A. Right carpus of Tadarida brasiliensis (ventral). B. Right carpus of Eptesicus furinalis (ventral). C. Metacarpo-phalangeal joint of wing digits II, III, and V of E. furinalis (ventral). D. Interphalangeal joints of wing digits III (lateral) and I (dorsolateral) of Artibeus planirostris.

FIG. 8 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 8. Optimizations of selected sesamoids that characterize particular clades and which may represent synapomorphies; red indicates presence of the sesamoid in a taxon or clade, blue indicates absence, and gray indicates ambiguity. The topology corresponds to the tree shown in figure 3.

FIG. 9 in Morphology and Evolution of Sesamoid Elements in Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

FIG. 9. Optimizations of selected sesamoids interpreted in this study as probable plesiomorphic features of crown Chiroptera; red indicates presence of the sesamoid, and gray indicates ambiguity. The topology corresponds to the tree shown in figure 3.

FIGURE 2 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 2. Left and right mandibles of holotype of Eomorphippus neilopdykei, SGOPV 2855, preserving Ri1–3, p2–m3 (m3 inadvertently trimmed during preparation), Li1-3, p2–m1, in A, occlusal and B, ventral views. Note hypsodonty of incisors.

FIGURE 1 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 1. Photographs of cast, and line drawings of holotype of Eomorphippus bondi, SGOPV 3046, a partial skull bearing left I1–3, C, P3–M3 and right I1–3, P3, M1–3, in A, left lateral, B, C, occlusal, and D, anterior views (opposite page). Horizontal ridge in anterior view is a seam from the two-piece mold. Note hypsodonty of the incisors and narrowness of molars. Paratype of Eomorphippus bondi, SGOPV 2891, showing partial left lower dentition including i1–3 and p2–m3, in E, occlusal and F, labial views (above; photograph of cast).

FIGURE 5 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 5. Holotype of Termashippus flacoensis SGOPV 2987 (cast), right maxillary fragment bearing P2–M3 in A, labial, B, occlusal, and C, lingual views. The specimen was inadvertently sliced by a rock saw prior to preparation; the ~2 mm wide gap in the specimen is indicated by dimples (A) and thin line (B, C).

FIGURE 8 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 8. Partial left mandibular fragment of Termashippus flacoi SGOPV 2996 (cast), bearing probable m1–2 in A, occlusal and B, lingual views.

FIGURE 3. SGOPV 2991 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 3. SGOPV 2991, fragmentary right maxilla of Rosendo pascuali preserving P2 through the anterior half of M1 and slivers of an erupting M3 in A, labial and D, occlusal views. SGOPV 3096, isolated left m3 (photographically reversed) in B, labial and F, occlusal views. AMNH 29474, holotype of Rosendo pascuali, right mandible with i3–m3 in C, labial and E, occlusal views (from Simpson, 1967). SGOPV 3051, fragmentary left mandible of Rosendo pascuali preserving p3–m1 plus erupting m2 in G, labial, H, lingual, and I, occlusal views (opposite page).

FIGURE 7 in New Paleogene Notohippids and Leontiniids (Toxodontia; Notoungulata; Mammalia) from the Early Oligocene Tinguiririca Fauna of the Andean Main Range, Central Chile

FIGURE 7. Three little to unworn right upper cheekteeth tentatively referred to Termashippus flacoensis SGOPV 3008 (cast), probably dP2–4, in A, labial, B, occlusal, and C, lingual views.

Fig. 29. A in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 29. A, chronogram of species of Cormohipparion showing window for time of origin of H. primigenium-like morphology between the biochrons of C. merriami and C. fricki, the exit of H. primigenium-like morphology at ca. 11.3 Ma, and the age of Cormohipparion sp. from California (illustrated below), thought to be close to the species population that dispersed to the Old World. The?Dispersal barrier? refers to the high sea-level that lowered at about 11.3 MA (Ta3 of Haq et al., 1988; modified by Hardenbol et al., 1998). B, upper cheek tooth dentition of Hippotherium primigenium from Höwenegg, Germany, HLMD 1081. After Sondaar (1961), fig. 21A.

Fig. 16. Cormohipparion johnsoni, F in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 16. Cormohipparion johnsoni, F:AM 71891, Burge Quarry, Burge Member, Valentine Formation, late Barstovian, Nebraska. A, left lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of right upper cheek tooth dentition.

Fig. 11 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 11. Cormohipparion cf. occidentale. F:AM 71872,?Thin Elk Formation, South Dakota, early Clarendonian. A, lateral view of cranium showing tall-crowned upper cheek teeth. B, occlusal view of left upper cheek teeth.

Fig. 13 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 13. Cormohipparion occidentale. Log-ratio diagrams of cranial dimensions of samples from XMas- Kat, Machaerodus, and Hans Johnson quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Nebraska.

Fig. 19. Cormohipparion merriami, AMNH 141219 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 19. Cormohipparion merriami, AMNH 141219, Burge Quarry, Valentine Formation, Nebraska, late Barstovian. A, left lateral view of cranium. B, occlusal view of upper cheek tooth dentition, drawn by E. L. F.

Fig. 15 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 15. Log-ratio diagram of cranial dimensions of Cormohipparion matthewi compared with C. occidentale, XMas-Kat quarries, Merritt Dam Member, Ash Hollow Formation, Cherry County, Nebraska.

Fig. 25. Hippotherium and Cormohipparion. A–D in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 25. Hippotherium and Cormohipparion. A–D, Hippotherium sp., Pannonian C?, Mariathal, Austria. E, Hippotherium sp., Pannonian C, Gaiselberg, Austria. F–G, Cormohipparion sp., Punchbowl Formation, LACM 7502, medial Clarendonian, California. A, PIUW 3504/3, LP2, reversed. B, PIUW 3540/97, LP3, reversed. C, PIUW 3540/54, LP4, reversed. D, PIUW 3540/136, RM1. E, NHMW 0024/26, RM2. F, partial palate with right and left P2–M2, occlusal view. Preservation of the specimen apparently masks the complexity of the plis caballin in P4–M2. G, right lateral view of partial palate, showing remnant of posteroventral border of DPOF and the IOF located above the anterior root of P3.

Fig. 7 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 7. Correlation of rock and faunal units of the Valentine and Ash Hollow formations, Nebraska and South Dakota, modified after Skinner and Johnson (1984: fig. 3).

Fig. 6 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 6. Diagram of measurements and terminology. A, measurements of mandible. B, symphysis of mandible. C and D, dental terminology. C, upper cheek teeth. D, lower cheek teeth. A and B after Eisenmann et al. (1988). C and D after MacFadden (1984).

Fig. 5 in Phyletic Diversification Of The Cormohipparion Occidentale Complex (Mammalia; Perissodactyla, Equidae), Late Miocene, North America, And The Origin Of The Old World Hippotherium Datum

Fig. 5. Diagram showing location of cranial measurements and features cited in Table 2. A, lateral view. B, close up of facial region, lateral view. A and B after Eisenmann et al. (1988). C, lateral view of Merychippus insignis, F:AM 87001, Echo Quarry (early Barstovian), Nebraska. NMF 5 nasomaxillary fossa. LAF 5 lacrimal fossa. R 5 ridge that separates the NMF from the LAF. IOF 5 infraorbital foramen. After Woodburne (2003: fig. 16.7). D, malar fossa developed below the DPOF but not bounded by definite posterior and ventral rims. E, malar fossa developed below the DPOF, bounded by definite posterior and ventral rims. D and E, Acritohippus isonesus (Kelly, 1995), after Osborn (1918: plate 10, figs. 3, 4; Merychippus isonesus).