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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2019View details →

Checklist of the Meotica species of the Palaearctic region in The mother of synonyms: on the Meotica species of the Palaearctic Region (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Oxypodini)

Checklist of the Meotica species of the Palaearctic region<table><thead><tr><th>Species</th><th>Confirmed distribution</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>andujari ASSING, 2007</th><td>South Spain</td></tr><tr><th>arasensis SMETANA, 2004</th><td rowspan="2">Azerbaijan, Armenia</td></tr><tr><th>= caucasica SCHEERPELTZ, 1954</th></tr><tr><th>caucasica BENICK, 1953</th><td rowspan="2">Turkey; Azerbaijan</td></tr><tr><th>= decolor ASSING, 2004; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>exilis (GRAVENHORST, 1806)</th><td rowspan="5">Norway, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, British Isles, Denmark, Portugal, Spain, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Italy, Hungary, Croatia,Bosnia-</td></tr><tr><th>= pusilla (MULSANT & REY, 1852)</th></tr><tr><th>= misera MULSANT & REY, 1873</th></tr><tr><th>= parilis MULSANT & REY, 1873</th></tr><tr><th>= immixta MULSANT & REY, 1875</th></tr><tr><th>= interposita MULSANT & REY, 1875</th><td rowspan="4">Herzegovina, Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Russia (South European Territory), Georgia, Armenia; North America (adventive)</td></tr><tr><th>= exiliformis JOY, 1915</th></tr><tr><th>= lubecensis BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= simillima BENICK, 1953; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>exillima SHARP, 1915</th><td>Spain, France, South England, Germany</td></tr><tr><th>filaria (FAUVEL, 1898)</th><td rowspan="2">Spain, France (South, Corsica), Austria, Italy (Sardinia)</td></tr><tr><th>= meridiogallica SCHEERPELTZ, 1954; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>filiformis (MOTSCHULSKY, 1860)</th><td rowspan="11">Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, British Isles, Spain, France, Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Czech Republic, Ukraine</td></tr><tr><th>= capitalis MULSANT & REY, 1873; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>= apicalis BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= bohemica BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= clavata BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= ermischi BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= fageli BENICK, 1953; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>= foveolata BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= globulosa BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= hoelzeli BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= orbicularis BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= bucephala SCHEERPELTZ, 1954</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>hamata ASSING, 2011</th><td>Turkey (Bolu); Ukraine</td></tr><tr><th>hispanica SCHEERPELTZ, 1954</th><td>Spain</td></tr><tr><th>moczarskii SCHEERPELTZ, 1927</th><td rowspan="5">Norway, Sweden, Finland, Great Britain, Morocco, Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Slovakia, Italy, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia, Albania, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus</td></tr><tr><th>= albanica BENICK, 1953; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>= alpina BENICK, 1953; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>= angulata BENICK, 1953</th></tr><tr><th>= exigua BENICK, 1953; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>= finnmarchica BENICK, 1953; nov.syn.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= marchica BENICK, 1953; nov.syn.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= neresheimeri BENICK, 1953</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= pechlaneri BENICK, 1953</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= romana BENICK, 1953; nov.syn.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= roubali BENICK, 1953</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= testacea BENICK, 1953: 79; nov.syn.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= wagneri BENICK, 1953</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= neapolitana SCHEERPELTZ, 1954; nov.syn.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= transversiceps SCHEERPELTZ, 1954</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= kochi BENICK, 1968</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= curtipennis BENICK, 1970</th><td></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">= stockmanni MUONA, 1978; nov.syn.</th></tr><tr><th>= anglica BENICK, 1991; nov.syn.</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>= vailatii PACE, 2001</th><td></td></tr><tr><th>normandi BENICK, 1953</th><td>Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, South Spain</td></tr></tbody></table>

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

The Effect of Fertility on Mothers' Labour Supply over the Last Two Centuries

Replication programs and data for "The Effect of Fertility on Mothers' Labour Supply over the Last Two Centuries"

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Breastfeeding dynamically changes endogenous oxytocin levels and emotion recognition in mothers

Breastfeeding behaviors can significantly change mothers' physiological and psychological states. The hormone oxytocin may mediate breastfeeding and mothers' emotion recognition. This study examined the effects of endogenous oxytocin fluctuation via breastfeeding on emotion recognition in 51 primiparous mothers. Saliva oxytocin was assessed before and after the manipulation (breastfeeding or holding an infant), and emotion recognition tasks were conducted. Among mothers who breastfed daily, mothers with more increased levels of oxytocin after breastfeeding showed greater reduced negative recognition and enhanced positive recognition of adult facial expressions. These oxytocin functions accompanying breastfeeding may support continued nurturing behaviors and also affect the general social cognition of other adults beyond any specific effect on infants.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Clever mothers balance time and effort in parental care: a study on free-ranging dogs

Mammalian offspring require parental care, at least in the form of nursing during their early development. While mothers need to invest considerable time and energy in ensuring the survival of their current offspring, they also need to optimize their investment in one batch of offspring in order to ensure future reproduction and hence lifetime reproductive success. Free-ranging dogs live in small social groups, mate promiscuously and lack the cooperative breeding biology of other group-living canids. They face high early-life mortality, which in turn reduces fitness benefits of the mother from a batch of pups. We carried out a field-based study on free-ranging dogs in India to understand the nature of maternal care. Our analysis reveals that mothers reduce investment in energy-intensive active care and increase passive care as the pups grow older, thereby keeping overall levels of care more or less constant over pup age. Using the patterns of mother–pup interactions, we define the different phases of maternal care behaviour.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Fur seal microbiota are shaped by the social and physical environment, show mother-offspring similarities and are associated with host genetic quality

Despite an increasing appreciation of the importance of host-microbe interactions in ecological and evolutionary processes, the factors shaping microbial communities in wild populations remain poorly understood. We therefore exploited a natural experiment provided by two adjacent Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) colonies of high and low social density and combined 16S rRNA metabarcoding with microsatellite profiling of mother-offspring pairs to investigate environmental and genetic influences on skin microbial communities. Seal-associated bacterial communities differed profoundly between the two colonies, despite the host populations themselves being genetically undifferentiated. Consistent with the hypothesis that social stress depresses bacterial diversity, we found that microbial alpha diversity was significantly lower in the high-density colony. Seals from one of the colonies that contained a stream also carried a subset of freshwater-associated bacteria, indicative of an influence of the physical environment. Furthermore, mothers and their offspring shared similar microbial communities, in support of the notion that microbes may facilitate mother-offspring recognition. Finally, a significant negative association was found between bacterial diversity and heterozygosity, a measure of host genetic quality. Our study thus uncovers a complex interplay between environmental and host genetic effects, while also providing empirical support for the leash model of host control, which posits that bacterial communities are driven not only by bottom-up species interactions, but also by top-down host regulation. Taken together, our findings have broad implications for understanding host-microbe interactions as well as prokaryotic diversity in general.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: When earwig mothers do not care to share: parent-offspring competition and the evolution of family life

1. Kin competition often reduces – and sometimes entirely negates – the benefits of cooperation among relatives, and hence is often regarded as central process in social evolution. Surprisingly, however, our understanding of the role of kin competition in the evolution of family life remains fragmentary, despite the close scrutiny it received in studies on sibling rivarly. This is because much less attention has been given to local competition between parents and their offspring, and its potential impact on the early evolution of parental care and family life. 2. Here, we examined mother-offspring competition over food access in the European earwig Forficula auricularia, an insect with facultative family life. Specifically, we (i) raised earwig offspring under food limitation either together with or without their mother, and then (ii) tested whether and how the – potentially competitive – weight gains of mothers and offspring during family life affected the offsprings' survival rate and morphology, or the future reproductive investment of their mother. 3. In line with a mother-offspring competition over food access, we showed that high maternal weight gains during family life reduced the survival prospects of maternally tended offspring, while they increased maternal investment into second clutch production (but not the body size of the surviving offspring). Conversely, high offspring weight gains generally increased the offsprings' survival, particularly when they were together with their mother. Intriguingly, mothers that had exhibited a low initial weight showed especially high weight gains. 4. Overall, our results demonstrate that maternal presence under food restriction triggered a local competition between mothers and their offspring. This competition limited offspring survival, but allowed mothers to increase their investment into future reproduction and/or to maintain their current body condition. On a general level, our findings reveal that local competition between parents and their offspring can counteract the benefits of (facultative) parental care, and may thus impede the evolution of family life in resource-poor environments.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Selfish mothers indeed! Resource-dependent conflict over extended parental care in free-ranging dogs

Parent–offspring conflict (POC) theory provides an interesting premise for understanding social dynamics in facultatively social species. In free-ranging dogs, mothers increase conflict over extended parental care with their pups beyond the weaning stage. In this study, we investigated whether resource quality affects POC in the dogs that typically live in a highly competitive environment as scavengers. We built a theoretical model to predict the alternative options available to the mother in the context of food sharing with her pups when protein-rich food (meat) is provided, as compared to carbohydrate-rich food (biscuits). We fit the mothers' response from experimental data to the model and show that the mothers choose a selfish strategy, which can in turn ensure higher lifetime reproductive success, while depriving the current litter access to better resources. These results have interesting implications for understanding the social dynamics of the dogs, and the emergence of facultative sociality in a species that evolved from strongly social ancestors. We speculate that the tendency of increased conflict in resource-rich conditions might have driven the process of domestication in the ancestors of dogs which defected from their groups in favour of richer resources around human settlements.

Data from: Optimizing prevention of HIV mother to child transmission: duration of antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression at delivery among pregnant Malawian women

Background: Effective antiretroviral therapy during pregnancy minimizes the risk of vertical HIV transmission. Some women present late in their pregnancy for first antenatal visit; whether these women achieve viral suppression by delivery and how suppression varies with time on ART is unclear. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of HIV-infected pregnant women initiating antiretroviral therapy for the first time from June 2015 to November 2016. Multivariable Poisson models with robust variance estimators were used to estimate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the association between duration of ART and both viral load (VL) ≥1000 copies/ml and VL ≥40 copies/ml at delivery. Results: Of the 252 women who had viral load testing at delivery, 40 (16%) and 78 (31%) had VL ≥1000 copies/ml and VL ≥40 copies/ml, respectively. The proportion of women with poor adherence to ART was higher among women who were on ART for ≤12 weeks (9/50 = 18.0%) than among those who were on ART for 13-35 weeks (18/194 = 9.3%). Compared to women who were on ART for ≤12 weeks, women who were on ART for 13-20 weeks (RR = 0.52; 95% CI: 0.36-0.74) or 21-35 weeks (RR = 0.26; 95% CI: 0.14-0.48) had a lower risk of VL ≥40 copies/ml at delivery. Similar comparisons for VL ≥1000 copies/ml at delivery showed decrease in risk although not significant for those on ART 13-20 weeks. Conclusion: Longer duration of ART during pregnancy was associated with suppressed viral load at delivery. Early ANC attendance in pregnancy to facilitate prompt ART initiation for HIV-positive women is essential in the effort to eliminate HIV vertical transmission.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Data from: Better-surviving barn swallow mothers produce more and better-surviving sons

Sex allocation theory predicts that parents are selected to bias their progeny sex ratio (SR) towards the sex that will benefit the most from parental quality. Because parental quality may differentially affect survival of sons and daughters, a pivotal test of the adaptive value of SR adjustment is whether parents overproduce offspring of the sex that accrue larger fitness advantages from high parental quality. However, this crucial test of the long-term fitness consequences of sex allocation decisions has seldom been performed. In this study of the barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), we showed a positive correlation between the proportion of sons and maternal annual survival. We then experimentally demonstrated that this association did not depend on the differential costs of rearing offspring of either sex. Finally, we showed that maternal lifespan positively predicted lifespan of sons but not of daughters. Because in barn swallows lifespan is a strong determinant of lifetime reproductive success, the results suggest that mothers overproduce offspring of the sex that benefits the most from maternal quality. Hence, irrespective of mechanisms causing the SR bias and mother-son covariation in lifespan, we provide strong evidence that sex allocation decisions of mothers can highly impact on their lifetime fitness.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Love them all: mothers provide care to foreign eggs in the European earwig Forficula auricularia

The rejection of foreign individuals is considered a central parameter in the evolution of social life. Within family units, parents are typically thought to reject foreign offspring to ensure that their investment into care is directed towards their own descendants. Whereas selection for such kin bias is expected to be high when parental care is extended and involves numerous and energetically costly behaviours, it can be reduced when the acceptance of foreigners provide subsequent benefits to offspring and when alternative parental strategies limit the risk of clutch parasitism. In this study, we investigated the outcome of these conflicting selection pressures in the European earwig. Our results overall demonstrate that mothers do not eliminate foreign eggs, provide the same level of care to both foreign and own eggs (egg grooming, egg defense and maternal return) and pay the same costs of care in terms of weight loss and immunity when tending each type of eggs. We also show that foreign and own eggs exhibit similar development time, hatching success and lead to comparable juvenile quality. Interestingly, our results reveal that tending eggs (of any origin) reduces mothers' weight loss during this long period, possibly due to egg cannibalism. Hence, these findings emphasize the difficulty to predict the occurrence of kin bias, and stress the need to broaden our knowledge on the net benefits of egg rejection for parents to better understand the general importance of kin bias in the evolution of pre-hatching parental care.

Data from: Nest size is predicted by female identity and the local environment in the blue tit, but is not related to genetic or foster mother's nest size

The potential for animals to respond to changing climates has sparked interest in intraspecific variation in avian nest structure since this may influence nest microclimate and protect eggs and offspring from inclement weather. However, there have been relatively few large-scale attempts to examine variation in nests or the determinates of individual variation in nest structure within populations. Using a set of mostly pre-registered analyses, we studied potential predictors of variation in the size of a large sample (803) of blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) nests across three breeding seasons at Wytham Woods, UK. Whilst our pre-registered analyses found that individual females built very similar nests across years, there was no evidence in follow-up (post hoc) analyses that their nest size correlated to that of their genetic mother or, in a cross-fostering experiment, to the nest where they were reared. In further pre-registered analyses, spatial environmental variability explained nest size variability at relatively broad spatial scales, and especially strongly at the scale of individual nestboxes. Our study indicates that nest structure is a characteristic of individuals, but is not strongly heritable, indicating that it will not respond rapidly to selection. Explaining the within-individual and within-location repeatability we observed requires further study.

Data from: Seeing spots: quantifying mother-offspring similarity and assessing fitness consequences of coat pattern traits in a wild population of giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis)

Polymorphic phenotypes of mammalian coat coloration have been important to the study of genetics and evolution, but less is known about the inheritance and fitness consequences of individual variation in complex coat pattern traits such as spots and stripes. Giraffe coat markings are highly complex and variable and it has been hypothesized that variation in coat patterns most likely affects fitness by camouflaging neonates against visually hunting predators. We quantified complex coat pattern traits of wild Masai giraffes using image analysis software, determined the similarity of spot pattern traits between mother and offspring, and assessed whether variation in spot pattern traits was related to fitness as measured by juvenile survival. The methods we described could comprise a framework for objective quantification of complex mammal coat pattern traits based on photographic coat pattern data. We demonstrated that some characteristics of giraffe coat spot shape were likely to be heritable, as measured by mother-offspring regression. We found significant variation in juvenile survival among phenotypic groups of neonates defined by multivariate clustering based on spot trait measurement variables. We also found significant variation in neonatal survival associated with spot size and shape covariates. Larger spots (smaller number of spots) and irregularly shaped spots (smaller aspect ratio) were correlated with increased survival. These findings will inform investigations into developmental and genetic architecture of complex mammal coat patterns and their adaptive value.

Data from: On the importance of having a good mother: maternal investment affects duckling mortality risk in wood ducks

Most avian populations experience more variation in recruitment than adult survival, and twhich drives much of the change in population growth rates from year to year. In duck species, the probability of duckling survival is an important component of recruitment into the breeding population. We investigated how variation in maternal investment in offspring by nesting female wood duck Aix sponsa affected duckling mortality (1‐survival) to 60 days of age using capture‐mark‐recapture techniques. Our primary sample consisted of 3,035 ducklings, from 545 nests, that were marked with uniquely coded webtags on the day of hatch over nine nesting seasons (2008‐2016). We also included 4,437 HY and AHY individuals to increase precision on parameter estimates because some ducklings were not recaptured until after fledging. Duckling mortality was greatest during the first week of life (0.76, 85% C.I. 0.71, 0.81) and approached zero by the second week after hatching (0.005, 85% C.I. 0, 0.025). We observed a quadratic effect of hatch date on duckling mortality (βHD = 0.013, 85% CI 0.13, 0.20, βHD2 = 0.12, 85% CI 0.051, 0.017) of hatch date, suggesting that successful females improve fitness by nesting early in the year, but not too early (15 days before mean hatch). Increased egg volume and duckling mass reduced the probability of ducking mortality (βegg volume = ‐0.155, 85% CI ‐0.245, ‐0.075. βduckling mass = ‐7.56, 85% CI ‐10.67,‐4.45). Our results suggest that risk of mortality for ducklings is influenced, at least in part, by maternal effects, which are manifested through energy allocation and behavior during the breeding season. As such, individual heterogeneity among breeding females affects duckling mortality risk and likely the recruitment process for wood ducks.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Supplementary Material for the paper entitled The maternity challenges in the software industry and academia: a survey with mothers from the Software Engineering field

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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2023View details →

Analysis of Questions in Vocabulary Instruction in Grade 2 Mother Tongue, Filipino, and English Self-Learning Modules

This is a master's thesis that analyzed the questions on vocabulary instruction in Grade 2 Mother Tongue, Filipino, and English self-learning modules.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

Data and code for "Wild and captive immature orang-utans differ in their non-vocal communication with others, but not with their mothers"

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opencc-byMay 2020View details →

Mother's Day Card

Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Health care professionals' experiences of screening immigrant mothers for postpartum depression – a systematic review

This is the dataset and supplementary material to a study looking at the health care professionals’ experiences of postpartum depression in immigrant mothers. Postpartum depression is considered a major public health problem, which immigrant mothers are at particular risk of being affected by, but it can also have long-lasting traumatic effects on the partner’s health and the child’s health and development. Previous studies have suggested that identifying signs of postpartum depression and performing screening on immigrant mothers is challenging for HCPs, and a meta-synthesis was therefore undertaken to describe their experiences.  Methods The databases CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, Embase, and Cochrane were searched for papers published January 2000–December 2020, reporting qualitative data on immigrants, postpartum depression, and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Eight papers representing eight studies from four countries were included and the Critical Appraisal Skills Program was used to assess their quality. The synthesis of studies was guided by Noblit & Hare’s seven-step method based on meta-ethnography. The dataset is the information from the quality appraisal and grid of concepts from the analysis.  Findings The synthesis resulted in two final themes: “I do my best, but I doubt that it’s enough” and “I can find no way forward”. The themes convey the fear and frustration that health care professionals experienced; fear of missing mothers with signs of postpartum depression, related to feeling uncomfortable in the cross-cultural setting and frustration in handling difficulties associated with communication, translated versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and cultural implications of postpartum depression.  Conclusions and clinical implication By supporting HCPs’ self-efficacy in handling cultural implications of postpartum depression and by developing evidence-based clinical guidelines for the use of interpreters and translated versions of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale the screening of immigrant mothers may be facilitated.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Data from: Inter-generational costs of oxidative stress: reduced fitness in daughters of mothers that experienced high levels of oxidative damage during reproduction

Parental condition transfer effects occur when the parents' physiological state during reproduction affects offspring performance. Oxidative damage may mediate such effects, yet evidence that oxidative damage experienced by parents during reproduction negatively affects offspring fitness is scarce and limited to early life stages. We show in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) that maternal levels of oxidative damage, measured during reproduction, negatively predict the number of offspring produced by daughters. This maternal effect on the daughter's reproductive success was mediated by an effect on hatching success, rather than the number of eggs laid by daughters. We also observed a negative association between the father's oxidative damage levels and the number of eggs laid by daughters, but a positive association between the father's oxidative damage levels and the hatching success of these eggs. These opposing paternal effects cancelled each other out, resulting in no overall effect on the number of offspring produced by daughters. No significant association between a female's own level of oxidative damage during reproduction and her reproductive success was observed. Our results suggest that oxidative damage experienced by parents may be a better predictor of an individual's reproductive performance than oxidative damage experienced by the individual itself. Although the mechanisms underlying these parental condition transfer effects are currently unknown, changes in egg composition or (epi-)genetic alterations of gametes may play a role. These findings highlight the importance of an inter-generational perspective when quantifying costs of physiological stress.