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1,072 results for “Pigs”
PIBAC: Extensive cultivation of the pig gut microbiome identifies novel bacterial diversity and functions and enables tailored functional studies
<p>In-depth cultivation of the pig gut microbiome towards novel bacterial diversity and tailored functional studies:</p> <ul> <li>780 MAGs from all-in-one assembly of 295 pig gut metagenomic samples (Xiao, 2016)</li> <li>38 isolates representing novel species (single draft genomes)</li> <li>representing in total 617 species (hqMAGs-dereplicated_genomes, comp>90%, con<5%</li> </ul> <p>More information you can find here:</p> <p>https://github.com/tillrobin/PIBAC</p> <p>https://www.dsmz.de/pibac</p> <p> </p> <p>External study providing data:</p> <p>Xiao, Liang, et al. "A reference gene catalogue of the pig gut microbiome." Nature microbiology 1.12 (2016): 16161. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.161">https://doi.org/10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.161</a> </p>
glucose challenge data in pigs
<p>Data set from an experiment where catheterised Iberian (obese breed) and Landrace (lean breed) pigs of the same weight were challenged intraarteriously with a glucose load. Blood samples were serially taken for 180min and analyzed for glucose, insulin, lactate, triglycerides, cholesterol, creatinine, albumin and urea. Insulin sensitivity indices were calculated and analysed.</p>
A White Matter Atlas and Common Connectivity Space Facilitate the Pig as a Translational Model in Neuroscience
<p>Dataset accompanying the preprint <em>"A White Matter Atlas and Common Connectivity Space Facilitate the Pig as a Translational Model in Neuroscience"</em>. Contained here are the files used for the cross-species browser spec files, as well as the raw and preprocessed pig diffusion-weighted data, and their raw anatomical files and surfaces. </p> <p>The preprint is available here: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337436">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.10.13.337436</a></p> <p>And the associated code and lighter files can be found here: <a href="https://github.com/neurabenn/pig_connectivity_bp_preprint">https://github.com/neurabenn/pig_connectivity_bp_preprint</a></p> <p> </p>
Effects of social structure and management on risk of disease establishment in wild pigs
<p>1. Contact heterogeneity among hosts determines invasion and spreading dynamics of infectious disease, thus its characterization is essential for identifying effective disease control strategies. Yet, little is known about the factors shaping contact networks in many wildlife species and how wildlife management actions might affect contact networks.</p> <p>2. Wild pigs in North America are an invasive, socially-structured species that pose a health concern for domestic swine given their ability to transmit numerous devastating diseases such as African swine fever (ASF). Using proximity loggers and GPS data from 48 wild pigs in Florida and South Carolina, USA, we employed a probabilistic framework to estimate weighted contact networks. We determined the effects of sex, social group, and spatial distribution (monthly home range overlap and distance) on wild pig contact. We also estimated the impacts of management-induced perturbations on contact and inferred their effects on ASF establishment in wild pigs with simulation.</p> <p>3. Social group membership was the primary factor influencing contacts. Between-group contacts depended primarily on space use characteristics, with fewer contacts among groups separated by >2 km and no contacts among groups >4 km apart within a month.</p> <p>4. Modeling ASF dynamics on the contact network demonstrated that indirect contacts resulting from baiting (a typical method of attracting wild pigs or game species to a site to enhance recreational hunting) increased the risk of disease establishment by ~33% relative to direct contact. Low-intensity population reduction (<5.9% of the population) had no detectable impact on contact structure but reduced predicted ASF establishment risk relative to no population reduction.</p> <p>5. We demonstrate an approach for understanding the relative role of spatial, social, and individual-level characteristics in shaping contact networks and predicting their effects on disease establishment risk, thus providing insight for optimizing disease control in spatially- and socially-structured wildlife species.</p>
Data from: The way wear goes – phytolith-based wear on the dentine-enamel system in guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
The effect of phytoliths on tooth wear and function has been contested in studies of animal plant interactions. For herbivores whose occlusal chewing surface consists of enamel ridges in dentine tissue, the phytoliths might first erode the softer dentine, exposing the enamel ridges to different occlusal forces and thus leading to enamel wear. To test this hypothesis, we fed guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus; n=36 in 6 groups) for three weeks exclusively on dry or fresh forage of low (lucerne), moderate (fresh timothy grass) or very high (bamboo leaves) silica content representing corresponding levels of phytoliths. We quantified the effect of these treatments with measurements from micro CT scans. Tooth height indicated extreme wear of the bamboo diet that apparently brought maxillary incisors and molars close to the minimum required for functionality. There were negative relationships between a cheek tooth's height and the depth of its dentine basin, corroborating the hypothesis that dentine erosion plays an important role in herbivore tooth wear. In spite of lower body mass, bamboo-fed animals had paradoxically longer cheek tooth rows, and larger occlusal surfaces. Because ever-growing teeth can only change in shape from the base upwards, this is a strong indication that failure to compensate for wear by dental height-growth additionally triggered general expansive growth of the tooth bases. The results suggest that enamel wear may occur in sequence after dentine wear and not the other way around, and illustrate a surprising plasticity in the reactivity of this rodent's system that adjusts tooth growth to wear.
Data from: Genetic diversity, breed composition and admixture of Kenyan domestic pigs
The genetic diversity of African pigs, whether domestic or wild has not been widely studied and there is very limited published information available. Available data suggests that African domestic pigs originate from different domestication centers as opposed to international commercial breeds. We evaluated two domestic pig populations in Western Kenya, in order to characterize the genetic diversity, breed composition and admixture of the pigs in an area known to be endemic for African swine fever (ASF). One of the reasons for characterizing these specific populations is the fact that a proportion of indigenous pigs have tested ASF virus (ASFv) positive but do not present with clinical symptoms of disease indicating some form of tolerance to infection. Pigs were genotyped using either the porcine SNP60 or SNP80 chip. Village pigs were sourced from Busia and Homabay counties in Kenya. Because bush pigs (Potamochoerus larvatus) and warthogs (Phacochoerus spp.) are known to be tolerant to ASFv infection (exhibiting no clinical symptoms despite infection), they were included in the study to assess whether domestic pigs have similar genomic signatures. Additionally, samples representing European wild boar and international commercial breeds were included as references, given their potential contribution to the genetic make-up of the target domestic populations. The data indicate that village pigs in Busia are a non-homogenous admixed population with significant introgression of genes from international commercial breeds. Pigs from Homabay by contrast, represent a homogenous population with a "local indigenous' composition that is distinct from the international breeds, and clusters more closely with the European wild boar than African wild pigs. Interestingly, village pigs from Busia that tested negative by PCR for ASFv genotype IX, had significantly higher local ancestry (>54%) compared to those testing positive, which contained more commercial breed gene introgression. This may have implication for breed selection and utilization in ASF endemic areas. A genome wide scan detected several regions under preferential selection with signatures for pigs from Busia and Homabay being very distinct. Additionally, there was no similarity in specific genes under selection between the wild pigs and domestic pigs despite having some broad areas under similar selection signatures. These results provide a basis to explore possible genetic determinants underlying tolerance to infection by ASFv genotypes and suggests multiple pathways for genetically mediated ASFv tolerance given the diversity of selection signatures observed among the populations studied.
Data from: A splice mutation in the PHKG1 gene causes high glycogen content and low meat quality in pig skeletal muscle
Glycolytic potential (GP) in skeletal muscle is economically important in the pig industry because of its effect on pork processing yield. We have previously mapped a major quantitative trait loci (QTL) for GP on chromosome 3 in a White Duroc × Erhualian F2 intercross. We herein performed a systems genetic analysis to identify the causal variant underlying the phenotype QTL (pQTL). We first conducted genome-wide association analyses in the F2 intercross and an F19 Sutai pig population. The QTL was then refined to an 180-kb interval based on the 2-LOD drop method. We then performed expression QTL (eQTL) mapping using muscle transcriptome data from 497 F2 animals. Within the QTL interval, only one gene (PHKG1) has a cis-eQTL that was colocolizated with pQTL peaked at the same SNP. The PHKG1 gene encodes a catalytic subunit of the phosphorylase kinase (PhK), which functions in the cascade activation of glycogen breakdown. Deep sequencing of PHKG1 revealed a point mutation (C>A) in a splice acceptor site of intron 9, resulting in a 32-bp deletion in the open reading frame and generating a premature stop codon. The aberrant transcript induces nonsense-mediated decay, leading to lower protein level and weaker enzymatic activity in affected animals. The mutation causes an increase of 43% in GP and a decrease of>20% in water-holding capacity of pork. These effects were consistent across the F2 and Sutai populations, as well as Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire) hybrid pigs. The unfavorable allele exists predominantly in Duroc-derived pigs. The findings provide new insights into understanding risk factors affecting glucose metabolism, and would greatly contribute to the genetic improvement of meat quality in Duroc related pigs.
Isolation and identification of Streptococcus suis from sick pigs in Bali, Indonesia
<p><b>Objective </b></p> <p><i>Streptococcus suis</i> (<i>S. suis</i>) is a causative agent for various syndromes in pigs. It can be transmitted to humans with typical symptoms of meningitis and death. Although human infections have been confirmed at Bali Referral Hospital, Indonesia, since 2014, the bacteria have not been isolated from pigs. Here, we provide confirmation of the presence of the bacteria in sick pigs in the province.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p><i>S. suis</i> was confirmed in 8 of 30 cases. <a name="_Hlk21025505">The final confirmation was made using PCR and sequencing of the glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) and recombination/repair protein (recN) gene fragments. Upon PCR serotyping, two were confirmed to be serotype 2 or 1/2</a>. Prominent histopathological lesions of confirmed cases were meningitis, endocarditis, pericarditis, bronchopneumonia, enteritis and glomerulonephritis. The dominant inflammatory cells were neutrophils and macrophages. Further research is needed to understand the risk factors for human infection. Community awareness on the risk of contracting <i>S. suis</i> and vaccine development are needed to prevent human infections.</p>
Figure 2 in Diversity of Diptera species associated with pig carcasses in a Brazilian city exposed to high rates of homicide
Figure 2. Dominance ranking for dipterans species according to the season (Dry or Rainy).
Data from: The early-life environment of a pig shapes the phenotypes of its social partners in adulthood
Social interactions among individuals are abundant, both in natural and domestic populations, and may affect phenotypes of individuals. Recent research has demonstrated that the social effect of an individual on the phenotype of its social partners may have a genetic component, known as an Indirect Genetic Effect (IGE). Little is known, however, of non-genetic factors underlying such social effects. Early life environments often have large effects on phenotypes of the individuals themselves later in life. Offspring development in many mammalian species, for example, depends on interactions with the mother and siblings. In domestic pigs, individuals sharing the same juvenile environment develop similar body weight later in life. We, therefore, hypothesized that offspring originating from the same early-life environment also develop common social skills, which generate Early-Life Social Effects (ELSE) that affect the phenotypes of their social partners later in life. We, therefore, quantified IGEs and ELSEs on growth in domestic pigs. Results show that individuals from the same early-life environment express similar social effects on the growth of their social partners, and that such ELSE shape the growth rate of social partners more than IGE. Thus, the social skills that individuals develop in early-life have a long-lasting impact on the phenotypes of social partners. Early-life and genetic social effects were independent of the corresponding direct effects of offspring on their own growth, indicating that individuals may enhance the growth of their social partners without a personal cost. Our findings also illustrate how research devoted to quantifying IGEs may miss non-genetic and potentially confounded social mechanisms, which may bias the estimates of IGEs.
Data from: A functional regulatory variant of MYH3 influences muscle fiber-type composition and intramuscular fat content in pigs
Muscle development and lipid accumulation in muscle critically affect meat quality in livestock. Yet, the underlying genetic factors for myofiber-type specification and intramuscular fat (IMF) accumulation remain to be elucidated. Using two independent intercrosses between Western breeds and Korean native pigs (KNPs) and a joint linkage-linkage disequilibrium analysis, we here identified a 488.1-kb region on porcine chromosome 12 that affects both reddish meat color (a*) and IMF. In this critical region, only the MYH3 gene, encoding myosin heavy chain 3, was found to be preferentially overexpressed in the skeletal muscle in KNPs. Subsequently, MYH3-transgenic mice demonstrated that this gene controls both myofiber-type specification and adipogenesis in skeletal muscle. We discovered a structural variant in the promotor/regulatory region of MYH3 for which Q allele carriers exhibited significantly higher values of a* and IMF than q allele carriers. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation and co-transfection assays showed the structural variant in the 5'-UTR of MYH3 abrogated binding of the myogenic regulatory factors (MYF5, MYOD, MYOG, and MRF4). The allele distribution of the MYH3 among worldwide pig populations indicated that the MYH3 Q allele is of Asian origin and likely predates domestication. In conclusion, we identified a functional regulatory sequence variant in the porcine MYH3 that provides novel insights into the genetic basis of the regulation of myofiber type ratios and associated changes in IMF in pigs. The MYH3 variant can play an important role to improve pork quality in current breeding programs.
"Out of South Asia": distinctive genomic profile of wild boar and domestic pig populations in South Asia
<p> content:</p> <p>hic matrix for p1, p2, p3</p>
An updated catalog of genes and species of the pig gut microbiota
<p></p><h1>Dataset overview</h1><br>We built an updated catalog of 9.3M genes found in the pig gut microbiota.<br>Co-abundant genes were binned in 1523 Metagenomic Species Pan-genomes (MSPs) for which we provide taxonomic labels and a phylogenetic tree. In addition, we reconstituted 7059 Metagenome-Assembled Genomes (MAGs) covering of 760 Metagenomic Species and we extracted 7331 viral genomes from assemblies.<br>Finally, we used Pairwise Comparative Modelling to predict 6140 antibiotic resistance genes.<br><br>This dataset can be used to analyze shotgun sequencing data of the pig gut microbiota.<br><h1>Methods</h1><br><h2>Sequencing data availability</h2><br>Sequencing data from Xiao et al. (PRJEB11755, n=287) and Kim et al. (PRJEB32496, n=36) was downloaded from the European Nucleotide Archive.<br><h2>Sequencing data quality control</h2><br>Illumina adapters removal and read trimming was performed with fastp . Reads mapped on the host genome (GCF_000003025.6) with bowtie2 were removed with samtools.<br><h2>Metagenomic assembly</h2><br>Metagenomic assembly was performed with metaSPAdes. Contigs of less than 1500 bp were removed.<br><h2>MAGs creation</h2><br>Reads of each sample were aligned to their respective assembly with bowtie2 and results were indexed in sorted bam files with samtools. Then, contigs coverage was computed in each sample with jgi_summarize_bam_contig_depths. MAGs were generated with MetaBAT 2 and MaxBin2. Finally, results of both tools were combined with DAS Tool and MAGs quality was assessed with checkM. MAGs with completeness < 70% or contamination > 5% were discarded.<br><h2>Extraction of viral genomes</h2><br>Candidates viral sequences were identified in assemblies with VirFinder. Then, viral genomes quality was assessed with checkV and those low or undetermined quality were discarded.<br><h2>Non-redundant gene catalog</h2><br>Genes were predicted on all contigs with Prodigal (parameters : -m -p meta ). Genes with missing start codon or shorter than 99 bp were discarded.<br>Then, partial and complete genes were separately clustered with cd-hit-est (parameters -c 0.95 -aS 0.90 -G 0 -d 0 -M 0 -T 0 ). The two non-redundant gene sets were merged by considering at first complete genes from the longest contigs (contact us for futher details).<br><h2>MSPs creation</h2><br>Using the Meteor software suite, reads from each sample were mapped against the non redundant catalog to build a raw gene abundance table (9.3 million genes quantified in 323 samples). This table was submitted to MSPminer that reconstituted 1523 clusters of co-abundant genes named Metagenomic-Species Pangenomes (MSPs).<br>Quality control of each MSP was manually performed by visualizing heatmaps representative of the normalized gene abundance profiles.<br><h2>Taxonomic annotation</h2><br>MAGs and MSPs were annotated with GTDB-Tk based on GTDB Release 05-RS95.<br><h2>Construction of the phylogenetic tree</h2><br>39 universal phylogenetic markers genes were extracted from the 1523 MSPs (or the corresponding MAGs if available) with fetchMGs. Then, the markers were separately aligned with MUSCLE. The 40 alignments were merged and trimmed with trimAl (parameters: -automated1). Finally, the phylogenetic tree was computed with FastTreeMP (parameters: -gamma -pseudo -spr -mlacc 3 -slownni).<br><h2>Prediction of antibiotic resistance genes</h2><br>Antibiotic resistance genes were predicted with the Pairwise Comparative Modelling approach (last version available here).<h1>Mapping rate distribution across public cohorts</h1>We generated mapping rate distribution plots using Meteor2 (default parameters), comparing performance between: PRJEB11755 and PRJEB32496 (cohort used in catalogue assembly) and PRJEB60032 and PRJNA494875 (independent cohort not used in assembly).<p></p>
Low-Temperature Vacuum Evaporation of Ammonia from Pig Slurry at Laboratory and Pilot-Plant Scale (Data sets)
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Standing Pig Figurine
Location: Museo Archeologico di Aidone, Aidone, Sicily, Italy Catalogue Number: 58-2354 Description: Buff-pink clay, white slip Data Capture Method: Photogrammetry Processing Software: RealityCapture Citation: The data for this project were originally collected as a joint effort between the University of Catania and CVAST at the University of South Florida (USF), with the collaboration of the Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK). Dr. Mariarita Sgarlata and Dr. Herbert Maschner, Principal Investigators. We gratefully acknowledge the participation of the administrators of the Villa Romana del Casale and the Museo Archeologico di Aidone. The data have been transferred to Global Digital Heritage (GDH) for processing and analysis. Funding for this project, both at USF and at GDH, has been provided by the Hitz Foundation, Herbert Maschner, Principal Investigator. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Krmni viri za prašiče analizirani v projektu V4-2201 in V4-1417 /Feed resources for pigs analysed in projects V4-2201 and V4-1417
<p>Hranilna vrednost krmnih virov zbranih in analiziranih v CRP projektih V4-2201 in V4-1417 (financerja ARIS in MKGP)</p>
Supplemntary tables S1-S6 related with the article entitled: LC-MS-Based Plasma Proteome Analysis in Nursery Pigs Fed Diets Enriched with Native Chicory Inulin
<p><span>Table S1: Composition of the pig diet: control diet (C) and diets supplemented with 1% (T1) or 3% (T2) of native chicory inulin.; Table S2: Nutrient contents of the control diet (C) and the diets supplemented with 1% (T1) or 3% (T2) of native chicory inulin.; Table S3: Chemical composition (%) of inulin (IN) used as a feed supplement.; Table S4: Porcine plasma proteins submitted for further analysis.; Table S5: Proteins significantly altered in response to the T1 diet.; Table S6: Proteins significantly altered in response to the T2 diet.</span></p>
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest. in Suidae
Subspecies and Distribution. S. s. scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 — W Europe, from Denmark, Germany, Poland, and Czech Republic to N Italy and N Iberian Peninsula; possibly also Albania. The taxonomic status of animals in Austria, Switzerland, Slovenia, and Slovakia is unclear but presumably these populations are included in scrofa, as are the populations of Sweden, Finland, and the Baltic states. However, restocking of once depleted populations, for example in Italy, has likely involved the introduction and mixing of this subspecies with other subspecies, such as attila. S. s. affinis Gray, 1847 — S India and Sri Lanka. S. s. algirus Loche, 1867 — Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, on the coastal side of the mountains or in the low montane areas. S. s. attila Thomas, 1912 — Hungary, Ukraine, C & S Belarus, Romania, Moldova, and S Russia towards the N flank of the Caucasus, but not including the Transcaucasian countries of Georgia, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. The range possibly extends as far S as the Mesopotamian Delta in Iraq, in which case it would likely include W & SW Iran, and possibly E Turkey and Syria, where it borders with lybicus. Such a range could not be easily reconciled with a statement by Groves that "the difference between pigs from N and S of the Caucasus is quite striking; Transcaucasian boars are certainly not attila." This subspecies may also extend into C Asia and include Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Turkmenistan, but no data exist to support this. S. s. baeticus Thomas, 1912 — originally described from Coto Donana, S Spain, and later merged with meridionalis; also S Portugal. Unless evidence is found that these Italian and Iberian populations are the relics of a much larger formerly contiguous range, this subspecies should be kept as distinct. S. s. coreanus Heude, 1897 — Korean Peninsula. S. s. eristatus Wagner, 1839 — Himalayas S to C India and E to Indochina (N of the Kra Isthmus). S. s. davidi Groves, 1981 — the arid zone from E Iran to Gujarat, including Pakistan and NW India, and perhaps N to Tajikistan. S. s. leucomystax Temminck, 1842 — main Is ofJapan (Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu, Nakadori, Hiburijima, Tojima, Kushima, and other smaller Is). S. s. lybicus Gray, 1868 — Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, in the past also in Lybia, and Egypt. The former Yugoslavia was included in its range, which would suggest that now Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Kosovo are within the range of this subspecies, although the exact boundaries are unclear. Pigs from Albania have been assigned to S. s. scrofa. S. s. majori De Beaux & Festa, 1927 — C & S Italian Peninsula. S. s. menidionalis Forsyth Major, 1882 — Corsica and Sardinia, with the proviso that the two populations are very likely to be introduced or feral. S. s. moupinensis Milne-Edwards, 1871 — China, S to Vietnam and W to Sichuan. S. s. nigripes Blanford, 1875 — the flanks of the Tianshan mountains in Kyrgyzstan and NW China (Xinjiang). An animal photographed in NE Iran (Golestan) looked like this subspecies. S. s. nukiuanus Kuroda, 1924 — Iriomote, Ishigaki, Okinawa, Tokunoshima, Amamioshima, and Kakerome Is in the Ryukyu chain in extreme S Japan, though some of these populations have hybridized with introduced domesticates. S. s. sibiricus Staffe, 1922 — Mongolia and Transbaikal (S & E of Lake Baikal). S. s. tawvanus Swinhoe, 1863 — Taiwan. S. s. ussuricus Heude, 1888 — far E Russia and the Manchurian region (China). Korean populations were previously included in this subspecies, but based on new evidence, the Korean taxon seems more similar to moupinensis. S. s. vittatus Boie, 1828 — Malay Peninsula, S of the Isthmus of Kra, the offshore islands of Terutai and Langkawi, Sumatra, Riau Archipelago, Java, Bali, and a range of smaller islands around these, including Babi, Bakong, Batam, Bawean, Bengkalis, Bintan, Bulan, Bunguran, Cuyo, Deli, Durian, Enggano, Galang, Jambongan, Karimon (Riau Is), Kundur, Lagong, Laut, Lingga, Lingung, Mapor, Moro Kecil, North Pagai, Nias, Panaitan, Payong, Penang, Pinie, Rupat, Siantan, Siberut, Simeulue, Singkep, Sugi, Sugi Bawa, Telibon, Tinggi, Tuangku, and the Tambelan Is. This species was originally present from the British Is in the extreme W, through Eurasia from S Scandinavia to S Siberia, extending as far E as Korea and Japan, and SE into some of the Sunda Is and Taiwan. In the S the species ranged along the Nile Valley to Khartoum, and N of the Sahara in Africa, more orless following the continental coasts of S, E, and SE Asia. Within this range it was absent only from extremely dry deserts, e.g. the driest regions of Mongolia and in China W of Sichuan; and alpine zones, such as the high altitudes of Pamir and Tien Shan. In recent centuries, the range of S. scrofa has changed dramatically because of hunting and changes in available habitat. The species disappeared from the British Is in the 17" century, from Denmark in the 19" century, and was greatly reduced in range and numbers in the 20" century from areas as distant as Tunisia, Sudan, Germany, and Russia. Following these severe declines, there were some slight population recoveries in Russia, Italy, Spain, and Germany in the mid-20™ century, and natural and assisted range expansions in Denmark and Sweden. The species has also been inadvertently reintroduced in various locations in the Great Britain via escapees of mixed origin from commercial farming enterprises. Ex-S. scrofa stocks also occur as introduced feral populations in various other parts of the world, including Australia, New Zealand, the eastern Malay Archipelago, and in North, Central, and South America. In all of these areas they are now generally recognized as a major pest.
Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages. in Suidae
Distribution. Sulawesi and adjacent Is (Buton, Kabaena, Muna, Peleng, Lembeh, and on some of the Togian Is); thought to be extinct on Selayar I. Pigs have been widely domesticated through the Indonesian archipelago and beyond. This primarily involved the Eurasian Wild Pig (S. scrofa), but also S. celebensis, the only other species of pig successfully domesticated. Mitochondrial DNA studies of the dispersion of these domesticated forms agree on three major dispersal events, two involving S. scrofa and one S. celebensis. Evidence supports an early human-mediated translocation of S. celebensis to Flores and Timor and two later, separate human-mediated dispersals of domestic pig through islands of SE Asia into Oceania. In addition to Flores and Timor, S. celebensis is also thought to occur in its domesticated form on Halmahera, Lendu, Roti, and Savur Is, and even on Simeulue and Nias Is to the W of Sumatra and far from its island of origin, Sulawesi. In the Moluccas, and possibly elsewhere in this region, introduced S. celebensis are thought to have hybridized with other introduced pigs of S. scrofa derivation, and apparent hybrids between these species are now reported to survive on a number of islands, including Salawatti, Great Kei, Dobu, Seram, Ambon, Bacan, Ternate, Morotai, and New Guinea. It is also reported that in the 19" century the sows of domestic pigs in Sulawesi frequently mated with wild animals, after which they returned to their villages.
The upper canines of the male Sulawesi Babirusa grow upwards through the snout and continue to grow in a backward-curving spiral. They are too brittle and shallow rooted to be used in fighting and theirfunction, if any, is unknown. Until recently, all babirusas were classified as a single species. The genus has now been split into at least three species, based on features of their skulls and teeth and the amount of hair on their bodies. The Sulawest Babirusa has nearly naked skin. The name Babyrousa celebensis specifically refers to animals from north Sulawesi and the taxonomic identity of babirusas onthe rest of the island remains undecided. Unlike other pig species, babirusas do not have noses adapted for rooting. Babyrousa celebensis Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi. Photo: Berndt Fischer/ photolibrary.com in Suidae
The upper canines of the male Sulawesi Babirusa grow upwards through the snout and continue to grow in a backward-curving spiral. They are too brittle and shallow rooted to be used in fighting and theirfunction, if any, is unknown. Until recently, all babirusas were classified as a single species. The genus has now been split into at least three species, based on features of their skulls and teeth and the amount of hair on their bodies. The Sulawest Babirusa has nearly naked skin. The name Babyrousa celebensis specifically refers to animals from north Sulawesi and the taxonomic identity of babirusas onthe rest of the island remains undecided. Unlike other pig species, babirusas do not have noses adapted for rooting. Babyrousa celebensis Lore Lindu National Park, Sulawesi. Photo: Berndt Fischer/ photolibrary.com
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.