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Fig. 3. Aplectana hylambatis. A in Protozoa And Nematodes Infecting Odontophrynus Occidentalis (Anura, Odontophrynidae) From The Monte Desert Of Argentina
Fig. 3. Aplectana hylambatis. A — female, general view; B — male, general view; C — male, anterior extremity, lateral view; D — male, posterior extremity, ventral view; E — female, posterior extremity, lateral view; F — gubernaculum, lateral view; G — vulva, ventral view.
Fig. 2 in Protozoa And Nematodes Infecting Odontophrynus Occidentalis (Anura, Odontophrynidae) From The Monte Desert Of Argentina
Fig. 2. Nyctotheroides sp. A — Light microscopic image; B — Schematic drawing; Abbreviations: Ci — cilia; CV — contractile vacuole; Cp — cytoproct; If — infundibulum; Ma — macronucleus; Mi — micronucleus; Pe — peristome.
Fig. 1 in Protozoa And Nematodes Infecting Odontophrynus Occidentalis (Anura, Odontophrynidae) From The Monte Desert Of Argentina
Fig. 1. The collection site and study species from the Monte Desert, San Juan, Argentina. A — collection site "Quebrada de las Flores" (Atlas socioeconómico de San Juan. 1° Ed. San Juan: Editorial UNSJ., after 2017); B — adult male O. occidentalis; C — habitat used by O. occidentalis.
Fig. 4 in Protozoa and Oxygen
Fig. 4. Formation of a band by the ciliate Uronema filificum (Fig. 2a) in an oxygen gradient in a glass capillary. Data from Fenchel and Bernard (1996).
Fig. 2. Some microaerobic and anaerobic marine ciliates. a in Protozoa and Oxygen
Fig. 2. Some microaerobic and anaerobic marine ciliates. a – Uronema filificum that prefers an O 2-tension of 1–2% atm. sat.; b – Euplotes sp. (Fenchel et al. 1989, Bernard and Fenchel 1996) that prefers an O 2-tension of 4–5% atm sat.; c – Plagiopogon loricatus that occurs at low O 2-tensions in both the stratified water column and in sediments; d – Metopus contortus is an obligate anaerobe with hydogenosomes; it occurs in nearly all marine anaerobic habitats; e – Cyclidium cf. flagellatum is a microaerophile that prefers an O 2-tension around 2%, but is also capable of sustained growth under anaerobic conditions (Bernard and Fenchel 1996). All scale bars: 10 µm.
Fig. 1 in Protozoa and Oxygen
Fig. 1. Respiration rate of a Euplotes sp. as function of bulk O 2 tension fitted to a Monod function (R m = 2.2 × 10–5 nl s.–1; K = 0.8% atm. sat.). Data from m Fenchel et al. (1989).
Figure 14 in Deep - water hypoxic meiobenthic Protozoa and Metazoa taxa of the Istanbul Strait's (Bosporus) outlet area of the Black Sea
Figure 14. Proportion of polychaetes inhabiting different sediment layers along the depth gradient.
Figure 4 in Deep - water hypoxic meiobenthic Protozoa and Metazoa taxa of the Istanbul Strait's (Bosporus) outlet area of the Black Sea
Figure 4. Proportion of gromiids inhabiting different sediment layers along the depth gradient.
Effects of community richness and competitive asymmetry on protozoa evolution in Sarracenia purpurea leaves
<p>Predicting evolution in natural systems will require understanding how selection operates in multispecies communities. We predicted that the amount that traits evolve in multispecies mixtures would be less than the amount that would be predicted from the additive contributions of the pair-wise interactions and that subordinate species will be more likely to evolve in competitive systems than dominant species. We conducted an experimental test of these predictions using a guild of protozoans found in the water-filled leaves of the pitcher plant <em>Sarracenia purpurea</em>. The response to selection did not significantly change as we increased richness from monocultures to two- and four-species mixtures. In accordance with our second prediction, subordinate species demonstrated greater growth in competition after selection than before, while dominant species generally showed no response to selection. Monod-type experiments to determine minimum resource levels found that the dominant species had much higher resource requirements than the subordinate species and that the minimum resource requirements evolved to be higher in the subordinate species. Importantly, these results suggest that subordinate species evolve to become more similar to dominant species, which may involve resource-use convergence. Our findings and other recent works suggest that community diversity can affect evolution in surprising ways that warrant further investigation.</p>
Fig. 1 in Worldwide sampling reveals low genetic variability in populations of the freshwater ciliate Paramecium biaurelia (P. aurelia species complex, Ciliophora, Protozoa)
Fig. 1 Th_ origin (N = 92) of Paramecium biaurelia strains us_d in pr_s_nt studi_s
protozoa_masking:v21.1.1
<p>kraken2 DB for protozoa built with masking option. Contains 11393 accession numbers corresponding to 41 unique taxon.</p> <p> </p>
Effects of community richness and competitive asymmetry on protozoa evolution in Sarracenia purpurea leaves
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Data from: Rethinking niche evolution: experiments with natural communities of protozoa in pitcher plants
Classic niche theory predicts that competing species will evolve to use different resources and interact less, whereas recent niche-converge ideas predict that species evolve to use similar resources and interact more. Most data supporting niche evolution are based on observations of contemporary niche use, whereas experimental support is quite sparse. We followed the evolution of four species of Protozoa during succession in the water-filled leaves of the pitcher plant, Sarracenia purpurea, and found that evolution in multispecies systems follows a surprising pattern. Over several hundred generations, weak competitors evolved to be stronger while strong competitors evolved to become weaker, which does not conform to expectations of either niche divergence or convergence. Evolution in this system appears to occur in response to characteristics of a suite of several competitors in the community, rather than pairwise interactions. Ecologists may need to rethink the roles of competition and evolution in structuring communities.
FIGURES 16. Diplodinium cameli f. cameli, f. monospinatum f. n. and f. bispinatum f. n in Forestomach ciliate Protozoa in Egyptian dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)
FIGURES 16. Diplodinium cameli f. cameli, f. monospinatum f. n. and f. bispinatum f. n. Bar = 50 m. 1. Diplodinium cameli f. cameli from the right side. 2. Diplodinium cameli f. monospinatum f. n. from the left side. Note the very small spine approximately 5/6th of the distance from the anterior end. 3. Diplodinium cameli f. monospinatum f. n. from the left side. 46. Diplodinium cameli f. bispinatum f. n. All from the right side, showing variation in size of the ventral spine and shape of the cell.
FIGURES 23–31 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 23–31. Transformation from trophont to tomite in Glauconema trihymene. (23) Proliferation of paroral membrane to form an anarchic field (arrows). (24) Anarchic field forming several parts and the disappearance of M3 (arrows). (25) Anarchic field divides into two primordia: primordium of paroral membrane (priPM) and primordium of membranelles (priM) which comprises 5–6 stacked fields; parental M2 partially resorbed (arrows). (26) PriPM aligning into one line (arrowheads). (27–29) Proliferation of priPM and the resorption of membranelles (arrow). (30–31) Formation of three membranelles, arrow showing the anterior end of the paroral membrane. Scale bars = 20 m.
FIGURES 14–22 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 14–22. Stomatogenesis in trophont of Glauconema trihymene. (1415) Proliferation and irregular rearrangement of kinetosomes in the scutica which forms the first primordial field (PF). (16) Splitting of paroral membrane, the right line of kinetosomes forms the second primordial field (SF). (17) Proliferation and division of SF into anterior (SFa) and posterior (SFp) parts. (18) Migration of SFa and SFp. (19) Proliferation of the remnant of PM (arrow). (20–21) Proliferation in SFa and rearrangement of SFp and PF, arrow indicates the anterior kinetosomes of PF which join the formation of M2 in opisthe. (22) Cytokinesis, arrow shows the small gap between M1 and M2. Scale bar = 20 m.
FIGURES 32–44 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 32–44. Morphology and stomatogenesis of Glauconema trihymene, in vivo (35–37) and after protargol impregnation (32–34, 38–44). (32) Trophont, arrowhead indicates the closely spaced M1 and M2. (33–34) Tomite, arrowhead shows the anterior end of M1 located at the apical plate. (35–36) Typical form of trophont in vivo. (37) Cyst. (38) Proliferation of scutica (arrowhead). (39–40) Proliferation of first (arrowhead) and second (arrows) primordial fields. (41) Migration to anterior of SF (SFa) and the aggregation of PF (arrowhead). (42) Proliferation of kinetosomes in proter and opisthe, arrowhead shows the major portion of PF, arrow indicates the three kinetosomes originating from the PF which will join M2. (43) Rearrangement of PF (arrowhead) and SFp (arrows). (44) Cytokinesis, arrow indicates conspicuous gap between M1 and M2. Scale bars = 30
FIGURES 1–13 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 1–13. Glauconema trihymene (Qingdao population) from live cells (1–3, 8), after protargol (4a, 5a, 6–7, 12–13), silver nitrate (9–11) impregnations, and the oral apparatus of Urocryptum tortum (4b, 5b). (12) Trophont, side view, arrow indicates the apical plate. (3) Tomite, ventral view. (4a, 5a) Buccal apparatus of tomite and trophont, respectively. (4b, 5b) Buccal apparatus of tomite and trophont of Urocryptum tortum, respectively (after PérezUz & Guinea 2001). (6, 7) Infraciliature of ventral (6) and dorsal (7) sides in trophont, arrowhead indicates the closely spaced M1 and M2. (8) Transformation between trophont and cyst stages. (9) Trophont, ventral view, arrow marks the inconspicuous gap (arrow) between M1 and M2 (after Thompson 1966). (10) Portion of buccal area showing silverline system, arrowhead indicating the closely arranged M1 and M2. (11) Caudal view of silverline system. (12–13) Tomite, infraciliature of ventral (12) and dorsal (13) sides, arrow indicates the large distance between M1 and M2. CCo = caudal cilium complex; Cs = cytostome; CVP = contractile vacuole pore; CyP = cytopyge; M1–3 = membranelle 1–3; PM = paroral membrane; Sc = scutica. Scale bars = 20 m.
FIGURES 45–52 in Redescription of the marine scuticociliate Glauconema trihymene Thompson, 1966 (Protozoa: Ciliophora): life cycle and stomatogenesis
FIGURES 45–52. Transformation of Glauconema trihymene from trophont to tomite. (45) Proliferated parental paroral membrane to form an anarchic field (arrows). (46) Proliferation of anarchic field and partial resorption of M2 (arrows). (47) Proliferation of anarchic field (arrows). (48) Emergence of primordia of paroral membrane (priPM, arrowheads) and of membranelles (pri M), and the partial resorption of parental M2 (arrow). (49–50) Proliferation of priPM (arrowheads) and the rearrangement of priM. (51–52) Formation of three membranelles in tomite, arrow showing the anterior end of the paroral membrane.
FIGURE 2 in Description of a new marine cyrtophorid ciliate, Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. from the China Sea with a new definition of the genus Brooklynella (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida)
FIGURE 2. Photomicrographs of Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. from live cells (A–C), after protargol (D–J, M–P) and ChattonLwoff impregnation (K–L). (A) Ventral view of a typical individual, arrow indicates the podite. (B) Dorsal view. (C) Ventral view, showing the two contractile vacuoles (arrows). (D, M) Infraciliature, arrows mark posterior ends of right kineties. (E) Showing the equatorial fragment (arrow) and postoral kineties (arrowheads). (F) Rightventral side view, arrows mark the three kineties extending apically. (G) Dorsal views, arrow refers to the terminal fragment. (H) An individual in early morphogenetic stage, to note the three thickened primordium (arrow). (I) Showing the two contractile vacuole pores (arrows). (J) To note the cytostome (arrow) encircled by kinetosomelike dots. (K, L) Silverline system. (N) Dorsal view, showing the terminal fragment (arrow) and cyrtos (arrowhead). (O) Showing the two adjacent contractile vacuole pores (arrow) and kinetosomelike dots (arrowhead) at the base of podite. (P) Focus on the cytostome (arrow) and kinetosomelike dots (arrowhead) near the posterior contractile vacuole pore. Cy = cyrtos; Ma = macronucleus. Scale bars = 20 m.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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